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BETHAL 1880-1980 CENTENARY COMMEMORATIVE ALBUM

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE This is a translation of the book originally written mostly in Afrikaans, with the title: Bethal EEUFEES GEDINK ALBUM 1880 – 1980. This version is titled: BETHAL CENTENARY MEMORIAL ALBUM 1880 – 1980. The translation has been necessary in order that all communities in the Govan Mbeki Municipality area should be able to understand its content. I have witnessed many school children struggling to understand the content of the original book when compiling their school assignments. Therefore, it dawned on me that a translated version, in a language that most communities understand was necessary. I therefore, volunteered to translate the original book from Afrikaans into English, and in some instances; from Dutch into English were, I possibly could. When translating, the following sources were consulted: Reader’s Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek English-Afrikaans Dictionary; CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Third Edition; Oxford English Dictionary; Wikipedia (Internet); Variety of computer programs. Omission signs are indicated thus … where certain passages have been omitted due to difficulties in translating them. One who feels the need to read those omitted passages, one could consult the Afrikaans version (Bethal EEUFEES GEDINK ALBUM 1880 – 1980). Some of the passages omitted were originally written in Dutch. Not all passages written in Dutch were omitted though, for instance if one looks on page 33; one will see that the passage there have been translated into English, although that OPEN LETTER was written in Dutch. Also, some rough translation was done on the extracts from Dirk Daniël du Plooij’s diary (page 37), as well as the National Anthem on page 20 last paragraph, and in several other places. When difficult translation is done, there is always a footnote at the bottom. In places where additional text has been added for readable purpose; the insertion signs [ ] are indicated. *There are words and terms used in the book that may be unfamiliar to the reader. These words/terms (with their definitions) appear below. A Veldkornet was an officer who performed important functions in administrative, judicial and police matters. In other words such officer was empowered to act as a magistrate if necessary. (Wikipedia); Bethallers: Soldiers or people from Bethal area; Scorched – earth policy: this is when an army destroys everything in an area such as food, buildings or equipment which could be useful to an enemy. (CAMBRIDGE Dictionary); Voortrekker. A member of one of the groups of Dutch-speaking people who migrated by wagons from Cape Colony into the interior from 1836 onwards, in order to live beyond the borders of British rule. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Voortrekker. # Rough translation from Dutch. *** Outlawed terms and words. BINF (UNISA); ICDL (Start). I

CONTACT Head of Communications Govan Mbeki Municipality Private Bag X1017 Secunda 2302 Translated by F P Mahlangu BINF (UNISA); ICDL (Start) ©2015. Material in this book is the intellectual property of Govan Mbeki Municipality. II

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State President’s Message Deus Dat Incrementum – God gives growth. This motto runs like a golden thread through the history of Bethal. From the ruins and ashes of the Anglo-Boer War there arose a town which developed into the leading centre of the Eastern Transvaal Highveld. The fertile and well watered land nurtured an agricultural community which has made the area one of our most sophisticated farming districts. This area not only produces a large proportion of the foodstuffs our country needs, but recently it has become a major supplier of our energy needs, of vital importance to the continued existence of the Republic of South Africa. These developments were brought about by men and women who worked with courage and determination, strengthened by their indomitable faith and hope to build a future for themselves and their descendants. With its human material and natural resources Bethal has the potential to flourish. May the lord continue to guide Bethal.

The Deputy Administrator of the Transvaal, Mr. D S v. d. M. Brink. VI

Message by the Administrator Not many towns in the Transvaal have the distinction of already having completed their first century. For this reason it will be a memorable day in the history of Bethal when it celebrates its centenary in October of this year. The history of the town as recorded in this commemorative album, is not only the story of a community that has experienced extremely difficult times, but mention is also made of natural resources – fertile soil with a reasonably high and regular rainfall – which allowed the district during the first century of its existence to develop into one of the most prosperous agricultural districts in the country and which led to the establishment here of a beautiful prosperous town with a predominantly rural character. Today, on the eve of the second century of the town’s existence, there are indications that the natural riches, and particularly the enormous coal reserves within the boundaries of the district, its strategic location in relation to the gigantic developments at Sasol 2 and 3 and its proximity to the Witwatersrand, will result in greatly accelerated development of the town and increased urbanisation. On an occasion such as this, it is always worthwhile keeping in mind that irrespective of the material wealth at one’s disposal, the community is even more amply endowed in the form of its culture, its religion, and its education, which form the basis of any happy community, and it is my wish that irrespective of the changes that may take place in future; these values will continue to be maintained at all times. It is fitting to pay tribute to those persons who during these past years have unstintingly devoted their time and energies to serve the community of Bethal. What you see here is the result of faith and devotion and the work of all those who put their hands to the plough in this region. It is fitting to pay homage to every person who in this way has contributed to the development and growth of the town. On behalf of the Transvaal: our heartiest congratulations on having reached this milestone in your history. We pray that you will be blessed and enjoy prosperity during the next stage of your journey which lies ahead.

Bethal’s Mayor, Councillor P Kruger. VIII

Message from the Mayor The centenary of our town is a memorable and historic event. One hundred years is like one second in the clock work of history, but in the life of a young country, a major milestone for a town. In front of our spiritual eyes there moves the humble origin and slow growth of a small town into thriving town of today. It is a good thing to look back on the path that has been walked. From this, we learn that growth and progress was possible only through perseverance and faith that God would give wisdom. Now the truth is – we are in the throes of great development. Let us seize the opportunity that is offered and help to build our town to glory for Eastern Transvaal Highveld, and a proud heritage for future generations. What about the future? My message is that this centenary will serve as impetus for us to continue to expand the material, spiritual and cultural area and we never sacrifice the work of our predecessors, and forget the blessing hand of the Lord. IX

Editorial Committee’s Preface The Town Council of Bethal appointed an editorial committee in 1977 to compile and publish a commemorative album on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of the town. The aim of this commemorative album is by no means to publish a scientific and detailed account of the complete development and history of Bethal, but rather to summarise the history of the development of the town by means of its most interesting highlights. Therefore, the editorial committee has directed its research at the most accurate information as regards the history and development, and representing this mainly by means of photos to highlight the material. It is consequently hoped that this publication will not only enjoy wide appreciation in Bethal, with its long and varied history, but that it will initiate the publication of scientific work on this Highveld town, which will serve as a basis for research. Although the town of Bethal was proclaimed in October 1880, a historical review from 1867 is summarised in part one. In this section the most important communal institutions and events up to 1899 that influenced the development and proclamation of Bethal, are set out briefly. In part two the involvement of Bethal and its inhabitants in the Anglo Boer War, from 1899 until 1902, is given in greater detail because of its importance in our history. In part three, the further development from 1902 is reflected. Although the research of the editorial committee was based, where possible, on scientific and acknowledged sources, a large percentage of the information was obtained by means of interviews and narratives. Although the committee was at great pains to verify all the information and facts obtained, it can give no guarantee in this regard. It will be noticed that the language used in the album is not a strictly scientific one, but that a more popular form is adhered to throughout. It is therefore hoped that this commemorative album will be widely read, especially by our youth. Furthermore, it needs to be mentioned that this commemorative album will not be published fully in both official languages, but, in the language in which the various contributions were received. The editorial committee wishes to convey its sincere thanks to all persons and institutions for their contributions of photos, articles, translations and recounts and editing, which made it possible to produce this album. Acknowledgement to other specific instances, whose co-operation was indispensable, is made elsewhere in the publication. It will be obvious that all contributions could not be used, although they provided the committee with valuable information for doing a complete background study. As chairman of the committee, I also wish to convey my sincere appreciation to the other three members who applied themselves for almost two and a half years with great zeal and diligence to this publication. Their fervour and devotion is deeply appreciated. Our sincere hope is that this commemorative album will provide all who read it with a clear impression of Bethal as the jewel of the Highveld of the Eastern Transvaal and its place in the history of the Republic of South Africa. - G. P. Bothma. X

Editorial Committee Councillor G P Bothma Mr J H van Niekerk Mr C B Ehlers Mr W A de Klerk XI

Deus Dat Incrementum - God gives the increase. The slogan reflects the rapid growth and progress of Bethal. The millstone in the middle of the two cobs symbolizes the potato and maze industries in Bethal. The sun on top serves as crest, while the helmet with its wreath and mantling belong to the usual decoration of the Heraldic arms. XII

CONTENT Bethal up to the end of last century ............................................................ 3 Education in Bethal during the last century .............................................. 15 Spiritual care before the war ..................................................................... 19 Bethal and the Second Freedom War ........................................................ 22 Bethal Town Council .................................................................................. 38 Schools in Bethal 1903 – 1980 ................................................................... 57 Spiritual care 1902 – 1980 ......................................................................... 73 The co-operative ideas ............................................................................... 80 Economic development of Bethal .............................................................. 90 Artists ....................................................................................................... 110 The Bethal Indian Community ................................................................. 115 The African Neighbourhood..................................................................... 123 Extracts from Bethal’s History ................................................................. 127 References and Acknowledgements ........................................................ 139 List of Photos, Maps, Documents and illustrations ................................. 140 1

Bethal up to the end of the last century NAZARETH 1875 map of Transvaal. Before 1875 Bethal did not exist. Middelburg, which was known as Nazareth, is however indicated on the map. Along Blesbokspruit we find indications of a farm – Du Plooi (spelled wrongly) – the farm of C. M. du Plooij, the town founder.

The first inhabitants After *Voortrekker leader Andries Hendrik Potgieter founded Potchefstroom in 1838, and AmaNdebele of Mzilikazi were driven; the first whites settled in the area north of the Vaal River. During the British occupation of Natal in 1843, many Voortrekkers came to settle in the Transvaal. Because of cold winters, little firewood and inhospitality of the area, the Eastern Highveld was initially not very popular among Voortrekkers. Later large herds of game, good grazing and water, prompted farmers to bring their cattle here in summer months. It is known that Highveld farmers still own land in the Lowveld area although they rarely move there with their cattle anymore. When the Whites arrived in the Highveld, there were few Blacks. This state of affairs can firstly be attributed to the unfriendly nature of the area and secondly, to Mozilikazi Impi’s reign of terror. This state, however changed as the Whites needs for workers increased and many Blacks came to stay here. In 1868 the farm Blesbokspruit, on which Bethal later emerged, was delineated. It is said that a large group of Whites from Schoemansdal came to settle in the vicinity of Bethal after their town was set on fire by rebel Black tribes. The surnames Vorster, Du Plooi, Joubert, Kruger, Retief, etc. appeared on an 1875 map of the Transvaal. From this it can be deduced that Bethal and environs had by this time several residents. C M Du Plooij and his wife Elizabeth P J Naude and his wife Alida *See Translator’ Note (page I). 4

TOWN SITE Bethal declared as town Since 1878 negotiated Peter Johannes Naude and Cornelius Michiel du Plooij with Sir Owen Lanyon, the Transvaal administrator, in an effort to have Bethal declared as town. Preliminary permission for development into township was granted by the British Government which was ruling Transvaal at the time. This permission however, was subjected to certain conditions. Before permission was granted, some plots had to be sold. Lords Du Plooij and Naude decided on the name Bethal, this name was made up by parts of their wives names, Elizabeth and Alida. Bethal would be constructed on the South-East part of the farm *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic) Blesbokspruit, the size of which was 3 000 acres. The property rights were held by the said two founders of the said town. Fifteen years later, this right was taken over by *Z.A.R. Deeds of transfer 367/1879, 440/1882 and 992/1894 – aggregate 334 plots – as well as a Church and Market Square, were surveyed by the Government’s Surveyor, one known as W.A.B. Anderson. Then the plots were sold at public auction. Shortly before the Second Freedom War, 300 more plots were surveyed by the Government and added to the existing town. 5

BETH-AL 6

Bethal is proclaimed as town The next step was to have Bethal declared as town. A request in the form of a petition was submitted by the lords Du Plooij and Naude earlier, in the year of 1880 to the authorities. The signatures of twenty-one owners and occupiers of plots in Bethal, appeared on the petition to motivate that, for the sake of inhabitants’ spiritual and material wellbeing; a need for a town existed. It was further mentioned that Standerton was seven hours and Middelburg nine hours on horseback from Bethal. An own town, where necessary churches and schools could be erected was thus, urgently necessary. 7

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The petition was however, declined and in the Transvaal Government Gazette nr 213, Volume IV of Tuesday, October 12, the following was published: P R OC L A M A T I O N. By His Excellency Col. Sir WILLIAM OWEN LANYON, Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, and Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Administrator of the Government of the Transvaal Province, in South Africa. Whereas a number of the inhabitants of the District of Standerton having purchased a portion of the farm called “Blesbokspruit”, situated in the District of Standerton, with the object of establishing and founding a new Town, and having established and founded such Town, have petitioned the Government of this Territory to place it under the control and administration of the said Government; and whereas the said Town is calculated to prove of great advantage to the inhabitants residing in the neighbourhood thereof. Now, therefore, I do hereby proclaim, declare and make known that from and after the 12th day of October, the said new Township, situated on the said farm “Blesbokspruit”, in the District of Standerton, to be called the Town of BETHAL, Shall be a Township, subject to the administration, control, and management of the Government of the Transvaal, and the Administration thereof shall be placed in the hands of the officers who shall hereafter be duly appointed thereto by the Government of the Transvaal.] GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. Given under my hand and seal, at Pretoria, Transvaal, this 12th day of Oct., 1880. By His Excellency’s command, GEORGE HUDSON, Colonial Secretary. (Signed) W.OWEN LANYON, Administrator 9

MEMORIAL SERVICE Unveiling of memorial stone (tomb stone) by the Bethal Town Council, erected in remembrance of the under mentioned founders and original owners of Bethal and their wives, proclaimed on 12 October 1880. Born PETRUS JOHANNES NAUDE 17 November 1832 12 June 1890 Passed away ALIDA JOHANNA NAUDE Born Joubert Passed away 7 April 1840 15 December 1890 Reburied in the grave of her spouse, on 26 May 1972 AND CORNELIUS MACHIEL DU PLOOY Born Passed away 24 September 1843 11 June 1928 Reburied at Bethal on 26 May 1972 Originally buried at Belfast ELIZABETH CORNELIA DU PLOOY Born VAN DER MERWE 8 November 1852 Passed away 12 August 1929 UNVEILING OF TOMB STONE SATURDAY 14 OCTOBER 1972 AT 11 PM BETHAL CEMETERY Bethal is named after: ELIZABETH DU PLOOY en ALIDA NAUDE BETH-AL Originally buried at Belfast, and reburied at Bethal on 26 May 1972. Memorial service Council member Pieter Kruger, Mayor, unveils the tombstone. 10

Funeral notice of Jacoba Cornelia Du Plooij The first officers Just after the founding of Bethal as a private town, P J Naude (co-founder) was sworn in as the first official and justice. Cornelis D Kleijnhans was sworn in as first magistrate and J J V Vermooten as first public prosecutor and seal-distributor. The latter also acted as tax collector for the government. 11

Proclamation as Magisterial District On 23 February 1898, Bethal was proclaimed as Magisterial District and on 15 March of the same year the proclamation took effect. Bethal Magisterial District was made up of farms from Standerton, Middelburg and Ermelo. Bethal Magisterial District covers an area of 1270 sq. miles. Further the District boasted of having 750 voting citizens. To service the new Magisterial District, within one year after proclamation, commencement with establishment of a Magistrate Office, a postal and telegraph office, prison, powder magazine and chief of prison’s home. Mr S J Clerq was appointed as a resident justice of peace in 1890. By the end of nineteenth century, Bethal boasted with already standing 45 buildings, while others were taking shape. The main buildings were the Post and telegraph office, the Dutch Reformed Church and three shops. However, Bethal was completely destroyed during the second Freedom War. . Standerton was the nearest railway station since Bethal – Town to the end of the century 1895. Mail was delivered Mondays and Thursdays. The stagecoach that travel via, Trichardsfontein to Bethal, serve as a passenger coach. With regard to water supply inhabitants had to be self-sufficient, consequences of that was that wells were found in most plots. Commandant Johannes Petrus la Grange Lombard, Bethal’s first representative in the House of Assembly, from 1896 to 1899 – the outbreak of the Freedom War. This is the house on plot 105, which was offered for ₤ 1 250 (R2 500) as post and telegraph office, to the Zuid-Afrikaansche Government. This offer was refused. The house stands on the present site of Volks furniture and belonged to Victor Simon and Co. 12

Economic activities The rich coal deposits in the area were already, in these years, known facts. In the State’s Almanac for South Africa 1899, the following was found: # ”The district also has good coal mines, located at Steenkoolspruit, but since there is no railway running in the vicinity of the mines, neither are the other mines located on the railway line either…“ Farming was mainly cattle breeding – mainly sheep for wool. Maize and other crops were planted for own, private consumption only. According to legend Mr H P Hancke, who Acting State President D J Erasmus, who served on this capacity between the years 1871-1872. Later he came to stay at Bethal district, where he died in 1913. settled on the farm Rietfontein in 1881, as did most farmers, he also sold his wool clipping in Charlestown. This was before the railroad was built at Standerton. The trips which took place during summer months had their specific problems. Due to lack of roads, the waggons regularly stuck in the wet marshes. Having come to Charlestown, food supplies for the following year were bought, such as bags of coffee and sugar, as well as material. Only so far and difficult to reach, the nearest water mill, was situated on the farm Blinkpan in Stoffberg district. Mrs E C du Plooij, wife of town co-founder, taken just before the outbreak of the Second Freedom War. She appears here with some her younger children. #translated roughly from Dutch. 13

EDUCATION IN BETHAL DURING THE LAST CENTURY 14

First organised education in Bethal Due to the ZAR (Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek) “Act on lower Education” of 1882, that schools were required to be subsidised, a beginning of establishing a small school was made. This happened three years after Bethal was promulgated. The first teacher Mr. K J Fischer, a Dutchman, provided tuition between the years 1883-1885. According Rev. C F J Muller, it can be inferred that the little school was situated on the town. Rev. Muller commissioned by the Cape Synod, visited churches in Transvaal. According to his travelogue the following entry on the 14 and 15 April 1885 is found: “Tuesday morning and Wednesday morning I had a religious service in church and school building”. From 1886 to 1891 Johanna Maria Naude – born 15 August 1869 – taught at Bethal. She was the daughter of Petrus Johannes Naude, co-founding member and justice of Bethal. Rev. Andrew Murray of Ermelo encouraged Johanna Naude to go to Wellington for further training. However, she did not see her way clear [to go there], but later produced evidence that she was good on her job, judging by the Certificate of Merit, issued by the Z.A.R. Department of Education. #“... an honorarium of £5 has been awarded in recognition of her services, after inspection conducted on 25 February 1887 …” Johanna Naude – second person to teach at Bethal Johanna Naude and her pupils #translated roughly from Dutch. 15

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After she married Adriaan Jacobus Louw of the farm Rietfontein, she bade farewell to education. The descendants of the Louws, including the well-known writer, Mike the Louw Theron, living here today. Education reins for the year 1893-1894 was then entrusted in the hands of Mr EB Hoffman. Adriaan Jacobus Louw. Especially in the nineties many small schools were established here. For instance, at the beginning of 1899 the council of the Dutch Reformed Church Bethal, referred to the town's government school. Mention is made of between 50 and 60 children, and the teachers in the year 1898, was D Retief and E Marais. The following year, one R W Niehaus and Miss E Bernsman were teachers at Bethal. Outside the latter, there were nine other teachers, 9 government schools and a total of 178 pupils. Mention is also made of ten private schools. Threatening clouds of war by end of 1899, resulted in stop to education development and progress in the region. 18

SPIRITUAL CARING UP UNTIL BEFORE THE WAR 19

Religious conditions: 1870-1899 Dutch Reformed Church The twentieth congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Transvaal was established on Bethal in 1890. Notwithstanding the fact that the NG Church only received independence in 1890, there were already as early as 1880 organised ministry of members of the Dutch Reformed Church on the Ermelo site. Already before 1880, on 5 December 1879, eleven children were baptised by Rev. Murray of Amersfoort on farm Naudesfontein. This ceremony was done during an outdoor communion service. From the founding of Bethal, there were regular church services that were held, two or three times each year. In May 1881 it was the Rev. H L Neetling who conducted the services. In November of the same year, the services were conducted by the Reverend Stephanus J G Hofmeyr. From 1882 to 1885, the Rev. H J Neethling was the custodian for Ermelo, while he regularly observes services in Bethal. According to the Church Album, an emergency Church was erected at Bethal. It was made up of stone, wood and zinc. In the Church Hall, which was shape like a “T”, a school was also established there. On October 13, 1895 Rev. Theunissen left Bethal and moved to Standerton. On 30 October the following year, the Rev. P W Ennis was confirmed as minister of Ermelo for fastening and personally took care of spiritual needs for Bethal as from January 1887 to 1890. 1890 was also a year that Bethal saw spin off to an independent congregation.The first elders of the new congregation were brothers D A Louw, P J Uys, H J Human and F J van der Merwe. Deacons were brothers J L Faurie, G du Preez, C H Boshoff and J D Ungerer. During 1892 Rev. A P Burger baptised seventy children and confirmed ninety. To have own shepherd and minister was the goal that Bethal up to that far, had not reached… On February 17, 1893 Theunissen was ordained by Rev. A P Burger as shepherd and minister for Bethal. For the young energetic and initially unmarried clergyman, was Bethal a great challenge. The National song of 29 April reported thus: *“Het dorp gaat vooruit. De groote nieuwe winkel van mijlen de firma G Beit Co. zal, naar wij vernemen, in Juni a.s. voltooid zijn. *"De nieuwe pastorie is reeds vensterbank hoog en moet zeer net gebouw worden, en ook het Gouvernements kantoor met bijgebouwen ziet er van buite netjes uit." Congregational ministering took place from outside, and only on January 25, 1897 was a successful career on Rev. J P Liebenberg. He was on 3 April 1897 at Bethal confirmed as pastor. The planning for a new church building – with a contract price of ₤8 500 (R17 000) – was done. This included a church with a gable, seating for 1 000 people, an English pipe organ and eight bells of different pitches. On June 1, 1899, foundation excavation was Rev Theunissen, shortly after his marriage. started. Building - of hewn sandstone - commenced. As in the case of education; the outbreak of the war took its toll, as well in religion. *Roughly translated as: “The town is improving. The great new store of… the firm G Beit Co. will be, we are told, completed in June. “The new parsonage is already windowsill high and should be a very neat building, and also the Governmental office with outbuildings looks of exploited neat.” 20

Reformed Church Commissioned by the General Assembly, the Reformed Church Bethal was founded on 7 November 1890. Before this time, the congregation of Bethal was a ward of Reformed Church Pretoria. The first church council looked as follows: the three elders were P J J S Potgieter, C J Hamman and P J Venter, with deacons: A Prinsloo, D E E Mare and D J E Erasmus. In collaboration with Heidelberg and Middelburg, Rev Ph S Snyman was the first minister in Bethal, despite the fact that he still lived in Heidelberg. The transport of the minister, which happened through the horse-cart, was assigned to the elders and deacons. Rev Ph S Snyman The rectory and chapel was built on the southwest corner of Church and Scheepers street. The rectory was rented, while members were allowed to buy church site and set up a small house. The first church building that still exists today. Dutch Reformed Church Initially Bethal Congregation was sorted as part of Blesbokspruit under the congregation of Heidelberg. The ward Blesbokspruit later, in 1870, merged with the town of Heidelberg. The General Church Assembly that took place during November in Pretoria at Sitting, decided that the newly defined districts of 21 Standerton boundaries, will also in future; serve, as the new congregation boundaries. The premise was that Standerton would be the centre of the new congregations. In 1884 the first church building of Trichardtfontein was inaugurated and obviously became the gravity of congregations. It was only after the war that the Reformed Church in Bethal flourished.

BETHAL AND THE SECOND FREEDOM WAR, 1899-1902 The provisional appointment of H S Grobler, on 1 March 1899 as *veldkornet in Ward 2, Bethal * See Translator’s Note (page I). 22

Mr W H Ackerman, a former teacher of Hoogehout High School, did the community of Bethal; a special favour, by recording memories of ex-combatants. These memories are derived from his book Opsaal, which served as an important source. #The Jameson-raid With an armed force, attacked Dr Jameson on New Year’s Eve 1895 the Transvaal, but the next day he was forced to surrender. The attack on independence of the Republic was averted in that way, because Jameson together with a group of foreigners in Johannesburg had conspired to overthrow the government of President Paul Kruger. Commandant Piet Erasmus tells of a time in New Year’s Eve of 1895 when he, as a young man, attended a dance at the farm Mooimeisiesfontein. Suddenly, there arrived a commanding man and read out names of the people who were to report at Trichardtsfontein the following day. From there they were to travel to Johannesburg in order to curb the threat of a revolt. #Prelude to the Second Freedom War After the Jameson Raid the relationship between the Boer Republic and Britain worsened. The government of the Z.A.R. prepared for war and began large scale armament. Weapons like Creusotsen Krupp cannons, Longtoms, Mauser rifles, cartridges and so on, were imported from France and Germany. When war clouds were threatening, the Commandant General had ensured that the citizens were equipped for battle. In circulars from the Commandant General received on 2nd and 3rd May by Magistrate’s and *Veldkornet offices; instructions were given that: “laat door elk VC (veldkornet) of Ass. VC onderzoeken of elken burger in bezit is van zijn 50 Gouvts. Patrone.“ Roughly translated means: “let each *VC (veldkornet) or Assistant VC examine if each citizen is in possession of 50 Government’s cartridges…” The army of Transvaal was organised as follows: people of age 16 and 60 were service obligated, and there were a total of about 30 000 men. The Commandant General (Gen. Piet Joubert, was succeeded during the war, by General. L Botha), [who] was the commander-in-chief, and was assisted, by a number of generals. A field general issued orders, out on several commandants, who in turn were in charge of districts. The districts were divided into wards, each with a commanding *veldkornet. In Bethal, Commandant Piet Greyling was assisted by Daniel Breytenbach (Ward 1: South of the watershed) and H S Grobler (Ward 2: North of the watershed). During the war it was Breytenbach and later Grobler who followed Greyling as commandants, in such a way that Piet Erasmus and Koos de Villiers were the new *veldkornets. Commander H S Grobler Commander D J J Breytenbach Commander P J Greyling #translated roughly *See Translator’s Note (page I) 23

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The war begins On 25 September 1899 amicable negotiation between Britain and Boer Republic broke. War was in the air and Transvaal battle forces were ready. Greyling commissioned his *Veldkornets to assemble all obligation citizens in the Church Square, with “horse, saddle and bridle, and food provision for eight days.” That same day departed Bethal commando of 400 men to face the ominous. They crossed the Vaal River during the dark where the lighting its first victim struck, one known as Botha. The commando went to Sandspruit, in order to invade Natal, where the main forces of the Transvaal were concentrated. The Boer Republic issued an ultimatum to Britain on 9 October which would expire on 11 October. At Sandspruit the government sent a telegram at 5.51 pm that says Britain rejects the ultimatum and the war therefore begins. To Natal Under the command of General Lucas Meyer pulled the Bethal Commando inside Natal. About this, uncle Frikkie of Eeden tells more: “I was shot the first blow in Natal on the Talana Hill and they left me for dead. A piece of shrapnel grenade got here in my jaw in my sleep and went out through my mouth. I slept for seven months at hospital in Pretoria and thereafter I went back to the commando.” That the Bethal Commando delivered exceptional service, is evidenced by the fact that General Botha, who was Commander-General who took over from H S Grobler, commanded that hundred best men of this commando should be sought out, so that he could use them as a reserve force in emergencies. These were once sent out on a weather clearing up mission. For three days they were trapped beneath murderous cannon fire. Among them a twenty-one year old Henry Hancke tells: “Our horses were so hungry that they ate each other’s mane and necks raw, and the stones around them were finely chewed. The *Bethallers participated in the battles at Talana, Spionkop and the Siege of Ladysmith… During August and September 1901 General L Botha entered Natal for the second time, Bethal Commando made up the biggest part of his trip. From the “Roll of Honour”, published by the Junior Rapportryerkorpse of Natal Region, the below extract of *Bethallers who paid, in Natal, the supreme sacrifice: Talana (Dundee) – 20 October 1899: killed: C P Brits, A Dreyer, M D Greyling, W A Pretorius. Battles around Spionkop – 18-23 January 1899: Killed: W Malan Mishaps elsewhere in Natal, Glencoe: P F J Pretorius (accident) and C G Smith (accident). The twenty-one year old, Hendrik Hancke, as a prisoner-of-war in Bermuda. He was taken prisoner at Oshoek during the Second Freedom War. After the war he played important role in community life. In 1948 he was appointed chairman of the newly formed National Party at Bethal. Later he was one of the founding members of the Oostelike Transvaal Koӧperasie (OTK), were he later would serve as chairman for thirty years. *See Translator’s Note (page I) 26

Donkerhoek and Dalmanutha After Lord Roberts took over Johannesburg and then Pretoria, the morale was low among citizens. Commandant H S Grobler tells: “The people’s moods were down and many went home. I then got command from General Botha to also go home and try to organise them…The mission was fortunate, because the citizens were equally willing to return to the war, with about two hundred men I returned to Donkerhoek.” #The battles at Donkerhoek (near Pretoria) were in favour of the Boers. The *Bethallers performed yet again, because when General Botha reported to President Kruger by telegram, he mentioned in particular, the distinguished performance of Bethal Commando. “When the English horse riders met with Bethal commando, the English turned back with great loss.” Meanwhile President Kruger evacuated Pretoria and departed with railway to Machadodorp out, with Lord Roberts following afterwards. At Dalmanutha the Boer forces fought hard, determined to stop Lord Roberts; and heavy fighting ensued there. Amid the fighting, the young Henry Hancke was one of three volunteers sent to fetch a fatally wounded Captain Dalwig. This is what uncle Hendrik tells about this: “When we wanted to pick him up on the blanket near the cannon, he said: ‘Let me just stand because I am dying already’. I then said to him, ‘Captain, you can die if you wish, but we are taking you away from here’” Following General De Wet’s success with a new tactic – Guerrilla warfare – Botha also decided on that. Accordingly, the Boer forces were to be divided into smaller, mobile units that would operate, in as far as possible, into their own familiar environment. Units would act independently of each other and would take care of their own food and ammunition. The aim was to exhaust the enemy and to make it tired for the war. For this reason, major conflicts would be avoided and to concentrate more on the destruction of the enemy’s line of connections. General Botha scattered out the commando all over the Highveld. Bethal was still not in the hands of British and Commandant H S Grobler was asked to retain it at all costs. Powerless against the Boers new fighting tactics, Lord Kitchener, who succeeded Lord Roberts meanwhile as commander of the British forces in South Africa, also changed his war tactics. By the end of 1900, the British army split into smaller, more mobile units and drive hunts organised by the flying columns. Spread over a line of fifty or more kilometres, they tried to block Boers against manned blockhouses that were connected by barbed wire. Through this, not much success was achieved. Uncle Cornelius de Jager (Uncle Fishaan) tells how easy the Boers could slip through the blockhouses: “During such times things had to be done gently. If the wire had to be cut, it was done in the evening and then the commando had to cross through there during midnight. The citizens with their horses passed there quietly, but oh, the pack horses with their dear pot porridge and tin buckets; could make such a noise!” When the drive-hunt did not deliver enough success, Kitchener decided to destroy the Boers’ subsistence resources by means of a Farms and towns, with everything in them, were destroyed. Women and children were taken to concentration camps. Commandant Grobler threw a bank of hope against General French’s Flying Squad that was harassing the Highveld. Two of the Squads under control of Colonel Beatson and Colonel Benson, did the most destroying work in the Bethal-District. During June 1901 the Boers succeeded to inflict Memorial on K***stad The Bethal Commando move to its own environment After the lost battle of Dalmanutha General Botha realised that the British superior force could no longer be overcome with conventional battles. #translated roughly. *See Translator’s Note (page I). 27 defeat to the English columns at the battle of Wilmansrust. Here seven citizens were killed, they were buried on K***stad, were the memorial was erected. Commandant Grobler’s wife noted in her diary how their homestead on the farm Rensburghoop was burned down during June 1901. Her husband and a group of citizens could not prevent it. Mrs Grobler was taken away and along the road homesteads on the farms Witbank, Bakenlaagte also were burnt down. After ten days in appalling conditions, the group of women and children reached Springs, were they were transported on open coal train coaches to Johannesburg concentration camps. *scorched –earth policy.

Ruins of Uncle Danie Erasmus’s house which was burned down at Yzervarkfontein during the war. The photo below shows the house that was built after the war. Uncle Erasmus, son of D J Erasmus - former Acting State President 28

Bethal is destroyed Mrs Liebenberg, wife of a local minister, noted on her diary how Bethal was destroyed by the English troops on 21 and 22 May 1901. According to her diary, all the officials and other men left the town on the previous day. The women and children, on the 20th were removed from their homes and taken on open wagons to a hill outside town. The tarpaulin was strung over two wagons; Mrs Liebenberg spent the night under the wagons. The soldiers removed the furniture out of the houses, chopped it as firewood and gave it to the women. They spent the next two days in May cold, amid crying children, terrified they look on how Bethal went up in flames. The women were from here taken to Standerton concentration camp. On the journey and in the concentration camp, they endured many hardships arising from shortage of food, clean water and shelter. Deaths; especially among small children, were regular occurrences. The battle of Bakenlaagte, October 30, 1901 When General Botha invaded Natal again in August and September, he took most of Bethal Commando with him. Only few men under Piet Erasmus remained. Consequently Colonel Benson applied his *scorched – earth policy with little effort. On 20 October 1901 Benson left Middelburg with fresh and well equipped convoy, consisting of 1 900 men. His goal was to beat the *Bethallers and to “Clean sweep the Highveld once and for all”. Benson was a special formidable opponent. He had grasped the art of guerrilla warfare and had applied it himself. By making use of Boere traitors and working people who knew the area, he made Bethal Commando suffer very hard. Commandant Grobler returned to Bethal from Natal, commanded by General Botha, because there were British troops in Bethal. On 22 October Grobler was informed that Benson was spotted at Steenkoolspruit. Botha was informed of it and of when he showed up. Benson had his hands full with *Bethallers, reinforced by Middelburg Commando; they severely restricted his movements. Ruin of the church that was burnt down at Bethal. *See Translator’s Note (page I) 29

General Botha joined Commandant Grobler with his main force on 30 October, and distribute his 1 200 men on a line of about two kilometres. Benson, oblivious of Botha’s presence, moved with his army right up to the Boers line. At two O’clock in the afternoon, his convoy was on the hill Nooitgedacht, while his artillery and the majority of his troops were on Kruisementfontein. Due to the deceiving nature of the terrain, the English only spotted the Boers when they were right up to them. The Boers rushed with an effort to first overpower the cannons. Fifty yards of the cannons, the Boers jumped off their horses, lied flat and started shooting. With the small fireworks, the Boers and Britons reaped each other. Benson summoned reinforcements from the cannons, but they too were cut off. Gradually however, the Boers got the upper hand and concluded the battle in their favour. Were the cannons were standing The grave of Louw Erasmus on Yzervarkfontein, alongside his father’s 30

Colonel George Elliot Benson, RA *Veldkornet Koos de Villiers *See Translator’s Note (page I) 31

Benson was seriously wounded and died the next morning. In submission to the Bethal Commando that had previously harassed him, he called on his death, that his arms should be handed to Commandant Grobler. 77 British were slain compared to 52 Boers, of which 16 were of the Bethal Commando. Benson’s grave Uncle Klasie Grobler was a 17 years old lad who fought in the Battle of Bakenlaagte. During the battle he was hit by shrapnel and he narrowly escaped death. Food, clothing and ammunition were very The last bitter seven months After the battle of Bakenlaagte, new blockhouses were erected between Standerton and Ermelo. To make the holding pen even smaller, the same was done between Brugspruit and Greylingstad. With more than 20 000 men renewed drive hunts were launched. The number of traitors serving the British army took such a rate that Bethal and surrounding parts became extremely unsafe. rare and could only be obtained by plundering British. Uncle Albert van Rensburg tells that they went during the nights to steal in the English camp. The *Bethallers number was decimated by many who were caught. In December 1901 Rev. Liebenberg and many civilians were caught. In April, 74 were caught at Slagkraal. *see Translator’s Note (page I). 32

The surrender Early in May 1902, commandant Grobler responded as follows to General Botha’s question: “General, you cannot expect to get more from the broken *Bethallers…” During the meeting of Representatives held from 15 May at Vereeniging, commandant Grobler gave the following report on the situation in Bethal: “The district Bethal has been devastated by one after the other [calamity]. He (Commandant Grobler) has no food for your commando and sits with 300 family members. The families’ situation was worse. Women of k***s … The war was ended with Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. *Bethallers laid their weapons down on the farm of Uncle Danie Grey’s farm on 7 June. It is here that for the last time, General Botha is discussed. 33

ROUGH TRANSLATION OF OPEN BRIEF OPEN LETTER To all Officials and Citizens of Z.A.R. which have hitherto exercised their duties for the Country and People’s faith. BROTHERS AND COUNTRY MEN, We feel it our duty to say thank you and goodbye to you to focus on termination of our struggle. It is our duty to inform you that a peace is very close, as set out in the Agreement to be signed by the two Governments, and was set up in the decision taken today by the People’s Assembly, in Vereeniging. We say thank you for heroism, for your sacrifice on so much that you loved and hold dear; for your obedience; and for thy faithful performance of duty, which stretches all the honour and glory for the Afrikaner people. We recommend all of you to rest in peace, quiet and to behave and obey the new Government with respect. We also propose to inform you that the representatives of both countries Main Committees were appointed for the purpose of obtaining money and resources to provide as much as possible, the needs of the Widows’ wellbeing, whose husbands and fathers lives were lost in the battle for freedom and justice, but whose memory will live on in our history. We also express this in our heart, actual Sympathy that mourners pray that the Lord may give them strength to cross. We must… also give a word of thanks to our Women and Children… Now there is peace, and although not a peace just as requested by us, let us acquiesce in that way in which God has led us. We can, with a clear conscience declare that People’s two and half year’s battle, has ruined in a manner just as almost unprecedented in history. Let us now grasp one another’s hand for the great struggle before us; good and welfare of our people in spiritual and social field … and let us learn to forget and so forgive, so that the deep wounds may be healed … S W BURGER LOUIS BOTHA Vereeniging 31st May 1902. 33(a) *See Translator’ Note (page I).

Citizens’ grave memorial is revealed here on 22 November 1974 by the former State President and Prime Minister, B J Vorster. 34

The Penkoppe The Penkoppe were young boys who were not yet [military] service obliged, but nevertheless joined the commandos. Uncle Ben said: “There was a time when I walked away to the commando, and came to my father’s commando. He gave me a dressing down and sent me home. I stayed home for few days and ran away again in another direction and came up to Captain Jack Hindon and Henri Slegtkamp. They soon provided me with a horse and gun, and I also met my eldest brother Gert - everything was right this time round.” Uncle Cor says: “When the war started, I was willing to join the commando, but because I was still thirteen years old, my mother would hear none of it. After the English captured Johannesburg, I ran away to the commando, and stayed with the *Bethallers until I was caught and sent to Bermuda,” as related by uncle Gert. Uncle Jannie Ras says: “I was only 12 years old when I ran away to the commando. In the beginning I had to hold the horses when there was fighting, but I stayed with the Bethal commando in the field and was never caught. On June 7, 1902 I travelled with the commando’s weapons on to Grey’s farm. Uncle Cor Taljaard during the Second Freedom War in discussion with Dr Eben Donges *See Translator’s Note (page I). 35

While they were in a camp just outside Ladysmith waiting for transport that would take them to an overseas prisoners of war camp; the following scene played out: “…On a certain evening, some of the guys treated the camp community to a concert and hinted a little too tight on the enemy, that the following week we were transported to warmer quarters. We were loaded in one of the infected transport ship from Durban Bay, where some of us almost died due to Durban’s oppressive summer climate, and poorly ventilated undersea, eat and sleep cabins.” “It was my worst experience and the difficult time during the whole war period. In the end we were transported on a third ship of the same calibre to India and we landed in Madras. There, we were in different camps with other prisoners-of-war… “In India we enjoyed wonderful times that one Rev J P Liebenberg #The prisoners-of-war Rev Liebenberg’s diary tells of his experiences as a prisoner-of-war after he was caught at Oshoek on December 4, 1901. Below are some excerpts: “The 4th of December was one of the important days, but the Scriptures says: “All things work together for good, and there are other sheep of the flock – the prisoners of war – that must be cared for spiritually…The first night of our imprisonment, we slept on one of the blockhouses…tied together and over one another. Our shoes were all in one heap outside the wire fort.” The train ticket issued to Mr C D Kleynhans of Bethal, during his prisoner-of-war journey, to St Helena. can exchange with nothing on the world: regular, two services per day – morning and evening. The school was established for the large number of child prisoners-of-war and young people. Brave boys! So early in the war mill! A regular catechism class was held and an Endeavour Society was formed… “When mail was delivered in the camp, there were always tears of sorrow and heart pain, because sickness and death of women, mothers and children from the concentration camps in South Africa, was the order of the day. Even the minister was not immune from this, because he had to give up one of his two young children.” From the diary of Daniël Dirk du Plooij, on 10 December 1901 on the farm Rotterdam, Bethal district; who was taken captive; the following excerpts comes as he originally wrote: #translated roughly Commandant H S Grobler 36

Rough translation "We left Standerton on Saturday 14th December 1901 ... Departed from Ladysmith on Monday 16th December 1901... Departed from Durban on 17th December 1901... Arrived in Cape Friday 20th December 1901... Cape departure Saturday 21st January 1901... Bermuda arrived Friday 17th January 1902... Hawkins Island arrived on Saturday 17th January 1902... We are informed of Message of peace discussion on 14th April 1902. Message that peace is made, was announced on June 1st … From Hawkins [we] left for Hinsons Island and arrived on Friday 25 July 1902 at Hinsons... Arrived in Bermuda departed on Monday 25th August 1902... Cape arrived 17th September 1902... Departure from Simon Camp (at Simon's Bay) on Friday 26th September 4 o'clock in the afternoon... Standerton arrived on Thursday 2nd October. Standerton departure Wednesday 22-10-1902... Bethal arrived Friday 24-10-1902…” Prisoners-of-war at Bermuda, standing third from left is Dirk du Plooij 37

BETHAL TOWN COUNCIL New additions of Municipal Offices 38

ENGLISH DEFINITION BEVOLKING POPULATION BETHAL STADSRAAD PROJEK: WATERSKEMA TEK. TITEL: BEVOLKINGSAANWAS ONTWERP GETEKEN NAGESIEN DATUM TEKEN: RWR 100 Bantoes Blankes BETHAL TOWN COUNCIL WATER SCHEME DRAWING TITLE: POPULATION GROWTH MOTION SIGNED CHECKED DATE CHART/DRAWING: RWR 100 African (not approved by Blacks) Whites (Europeans) 40

Reconstruction and progress to Town Council status As was mentioned before, during the time of Freedom War Bethal was totally ruined. From the bottom the community rose again, and began the task of reconstruction. After 1902, the Town Council and Town System, as it existed at the time of the Boer Republics, disappeared. Lord Milner put the British system of municipal government in 1904 and Bethal received Rural District Council status (Government Notice 29/1904). George Louis Hutchinson was elected first Chairman of Municipal Council. In 1909 the Municipal Governance status was elevated to that of Town Council (Government Notice 1225/22-10-1909). Twelve years later, Bethal received Town Council Status with Councillor C S Raath as the first Mayor. (Administrative Notice nr. 56/1921) (See also Addendum: 1 below) Addendum: 1 Old-Chairpersons of the Town Council and OldMayors of the Town Council Old-Chairpersons of the Town Council from 1910 to 11 April 1922: Councillor W T P Hutchinson: 1910-1911; Councillor S W Hill: 1911-1912; Councillor S S Festenstein: 1912-1913; Councillor E H Deeves: 1913-1914; Councillor M McLaren: 1914-1915; Councillor S S Festenstein: 19151916; Councillor S S Festenstein: 1916-1917; S S Festenstein: 1917-1918; Councillor C S Raath: 1918-1919; councillor P F J Marais: 1919-1920; Councillor P F J Marais: 1920-1921; Councillor P F J Marais: 1921-1922. Old-Mayors of the Town Council from 12 April 1922: Councillor C S Raath: 1922-1923; Councillor C S Raath: 1923-1924; CS Raath: 1924-1925; CS Raath: 1925-1926; Councillor R J Kark: 1926-1927; Councillor R J Kark: 1927-1928; Councillor J F D Louw: 1928-1929; Councillor A M Muller: 1930-1931; Councillor J F D Louw: 1931-1932; Councillor J F D Louw: 1932-1933; Councillor L P Croeser: 1933-1934; Councillor H M Swart: 1934-1935; Councillor H M Swart: 1935-1936; Councillor H M Swart: 1936-1937; Councillor L Albertyn: 1937-1938; Councillor M C van Heerden: 1938-1939; Councillor H S Steyn: 1939-1940; Councillor M C van Heerden: 1940-1941; Councillor M C van Heerden: 19411942; Councillor Rev. P J J Delport: 1942-1943; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1943-1944; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1944-1945; Councillor DEP Nortje: 1945-1946; 39 Councillor Dr L Albertyn: 1946-1947; Councillor J N Swart: 1947-1948; Councillor CS Heyneke: 1948-1949; Councillor C S Heyneke: 1949-1950; Councillor H M Swart: 1950-1951; Councillor H M Swart: 19511952; Councillor H M Swart: 1952-1953; Councillor A J van der Hyde: 1953-1954; Councillor P Kruger: 19541955; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1955-1956; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1956-1957; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1957-1958; Councillor P Kruger: 1958-1959; Councillor P Kruger: 1959-1960; Councillor A D W Jonker: 19601961; Councillor A D W Jonker: 1961-1962; Councillor D E P Nortje: 1962-1963; Councillor P Kruger: 1963-1964; Councillor P Kruger: 1964-1965; Councillor P Kruger: 1965-1966; Councillor P Kruger: 1966-1967; Councillor J I du Toit: 1967-1968; Councillor J I du Toit: 1968-1969; Councillor J I du Toit: 1969-1970; Councillor du Toit: 1970-1971; Councillor P Kruger: 1971-1972; Councillor P Kruger: 1972-1973; J I du Toit: 1973-1974; Councillor J I du Toit: 19741975; Councillor J I du Toit: 1975-1976; Councillor W A J Venter: 1976-1977; Councillor W A J Venter: 1977-1978; Councillor P Kruger: 1978-1979; Councillor C P Malan: 1979-1980; Councillor P Kruger: 1980-.

Bethal approximately 1936 The development in the area of the station was mainly made up of businesses that used the railway Bethal 1980 comfort; thereafter, other uses were also established here. 42

DEFINITIONS Stasie: Station; Blesbokspruit (river); Bethal Dorp: Bethal Town. The two nodes, in other words, the existing old town and the new node in the vicinity of the station, grew into each other, because of connections such as services and main roads. Residential development had again occurred north of the river. The current pattern here already consists of large plots on which one or two dwellings were erected. Later followed to the north also town extensions, outside the municipal area, in the area of Peri-Urban Development Council. The separate living areas for Blacks, Blank: European; Hospitaal: Hospital; Tronk: Prison; Sportgronde: Sports-ground; Swart: Black; Asier: Asian; Kleurling: Coloured. Coloureds and Asians are situated south of the town. Tertiary functions, such as the hospital, the new jail, the existing airport, some education terrain and sports ground, between others, the gulf course also come to this area. The latter also serve as a buffer between Whites living area north and Blacks living area south of these elements. The railway to Morgenson on the eastern side of the town serves as a buffer against possible development in the east. Aerial photograph of Bethal in the forties’ 43

Source: Bethal Master Plan BETHAL Coal fields Roads Railway line Rivers and dams LEGEND [Swart Dorp: [Kleurlinge: [Rioolplaas: [Sportvelde: [Stasie: Black Township] Coloureds] Sewage farm] Sports ground] Station] 44

Geology Bethal is situated on shale of the Middle-Ecca system, which in the vicinity of the town is penetrated by intensive Karoo dolerite. These rocks weathered to clay soils to form swells and shrinks with varying moisture content. Swelling clay with a low expansion rate, are a likely threat to buildings. Geology and soil conditions play an important consequence role in the selection of site for specific land use. In the case of Bethal, geological investigation was done and areas of development were indicated. Areas where development should be limited because of swelling clay problems, was also named. The limited areas fall mainly with the valleys and low-lying areas, which in any case forms part of the integrated open-space. Wind-Rose (winds diagram) From the dial, it is clear that the prevailing winds in the winter, from the north-west and during the summer, from the north-east. Together with the air drainage patterns, it played an important role in the placement of industrial areas in order to free Bethal of air pollution. The drafters ENGLISH DEFINITIONS NO: SO: NORTH-EAST (NE) SOUTH-EAST (SE) Heersende windrigting: dominant wind direction. SOMER: Summer. of Bethal Master Plan therefore found: Out of air purity point of view the most suitable location for industries north of the watershed, in the vicinity of the station, where industries already established, despite the fact that the Black neighbourhood is situated south of the town. * % Wind speed 1 – 10 km per hour 11 – 20 km per hour Source: Bethal Master Plan. 45

Water provision For several years water provision was a thorny issue. As earlier reported, initially residents had to provide their own water; hence there were water wells on most plots. Chemical and bacteriological tests in 1912 showed that the water was so polluted that it was unfit for human consumption. Many *dysentery epidemics in town were attributed to that. The sanitary inspector described the condition of the wells in 1915 as follows: “This I found rarely deeper than 30 feet, and the coverings are very faulty; also the stands around the top are not properly cemented up, consequently dust, flies and mice have no difficulty in finding a way in, are probably discovered after a case of illness occurs…” The Town Council took it upon itself the responsibility of water supply. A water reticulation system was set up at a cost of ₤49-7-6. 52 Premises were connected to the system. Initially water was driven per scotch-cart drawn by oxen from the water supply points in town. Availability of electricity meant that the Council’s boreholes would be driven by a powerhead equipped with an electrical motor. The modern comfort, however, resulted that in any power failure; the Council’s water supply was affected. Water supply problems did however show its ugly face soon thereafter. To overcome this problem, the Town Council accepted the advice handed down, namely to dam Blesbokspruit. The decision led to the construction and completion in 1923, of the Old Bethal Town dam near Motel Christo. “The scarcity of water was felt severely and it happened that sometimes many families did not get water for many days and that when they eventually get water; that water was dark with dirt…Really something needed to be done very soon, otherwise we risked getting an epidemic of *enteric fever.” It was decided that a further dam needed to be built. The current dam was put in service during 1933. Its wall was totally rebuilt and increased in 1940, in order to serve as a water supplier for Bethal. Water purification was established at Bethal that served for 25 years until 25 December 1965 when Bethal decided to join Rand Water Board for the supply of purified water. The cost of joining, amounted to half million Rands, but this was in time, because in the year that followed; the dam that was supposed to supply Bethal with water, was completely empty. The water consumption has increased annually. In 1968/69 it was almost 700 000 kilolitres and 1978/79 1, 4 million kilolitres – an increase of 50%. As a result, the Town Council in the financial year of 1979/80 approved a scheme of R 3, 7 million which would see the supply of water from Rand Water Board expanded. Magriet Theunissen stands here on the wall of old Bethal Town dam. *enteritis fever is an illness which causes the stomach and bowels to become swollen and painful. *dysentery is a disease of the bowels which causes the contents to be passed out of the body much more often, and in a more liquid form than usual. It is caused by an infection which is spread by dirty water or food. 46

The Bethal Town Dam in less abundant times A steam-powered electric generator coupled with a battery system for electricity supply to Bethal, was taken into use in 1916. The generator was able to deliver 20 kW at 250 volts, with a spare capacity of 10 per cent. Electricity Supply The 1947 Town Council 47

The combined generator and battery capacity In January, due to lack of funds, the Council was estimated at 140 amperes at 250 volts, provided that the maximum load at night did not lasted longer than two hours. The maximum load demand during 1919 amounted to 90 amps, which meant there were 50 amps in reserve. Interestingly, a film projector in the cinema hall used about 25 amps. This single electric consumption item was responsible for the reserve potential of the generator on Wednesday and Saturday nights being drained. About forty consumers use electricity during the first year of supply. This service was only between 08h00 and 11h00 and again from 20h00 and 24h00 available. Town Council expenditure amounted to an average of ₤48 per month, while the income derived from both the water and electricity supply services showed a gain of 20%. Town Hall and offices The Town Council decided on Tuesday, August 25, 1914 that a Town Hall offices and facilities had to be constructed. The task was assigned to Mr Silk and he was requested to prepare plans and specifications commensurate for plot number 190. Mr W and R Johnson’s tender amounting to ₤2 800 was awarded the contract, and construction refused an offer of power connection from Witbank. The estimated cost for the project was between ₤1 000 and ₤1 500. This connection materialised only twenty years later, in 1947. Electricity consumption rose steadily and in 1968/69 14 million units were consumed. Ten years later, in 1978/79 consumption rose to 33 million units – an increase of 42 per cent. However electricity supply was continuously adapted to meet the ever growing needs of Bethal. An amount of R148 000 was appropriated for the 1978/79 official year for the strengthening and upgrading of electricity distribution. This work included installation of an additional main supply of ESCOM-point of supply to the main substation. Due to the rising demand, this project was completed before the winter of 1979. commenced. Interesting to note that, despite the fact that Council’s minutes referred to a “Town Hall”, it seems that the building complex did not have a hall. The complex has served until 27 June 1940 when the New Town Hall was opened by the Administrator. The site of earlier Town Hall Complex was used the same year for the establishment and construction of a swimming pool. 48

Bethal-business centre – 1975. Health services Combating diseases One of the main tasks of the first town fathers was prevention and control of infectious diseases in humans as well as in animals and plants. In such an undertaking, the Council decided to design a contest with attractive price. The prize would go to the person with the most innovative and effective flydestroyer! The decision was made in the midst of a 1914 fly-plaque, during which time the Town Council gave residents free fly packets. The first reported actions of the Council, to combat the epidemic, are found in the minutes of 16 April 1912. According to the notification, all schools received instructions to close that day, 16 April 1912 to and including 31 May 1912, due to a scarlet fever. The much-talked about 1918 flu also claimed its toll on Bethal residents. Striking in this regard is the Chief Medical Officer report. On 23rd November 1918, an emergency was set up for whites. Several members of the Town Council, as well as members of the public were also affected by this flu. This meant that the essential services that were carried out by the Chairman and members of the Health Committee on the non-whites hospital were adversely affected. An additional committee, chaired by Mr M Freed from the Town Council and the school principal, was put into action. The duty of the committee would be to assist the remaining members of Health Committee in their task. All duties were carried out in cooperation with the Chairman of the Works and Health Committee. A total of 78 whites’ patients were treated in hospital of which, only nine died. The Health Officer was convinced that the low mortality was due to the establishment of an emergency hospital. It was particularly mentioned how the inhabitants of Bethal helped to work against the epidemic. For example, the setting up of an emergency hospital, in the space of 24 hours; ready to use against the epidemic. Each article used in the hospital, was made available by the community. This applied not only to medical supplies, but foodstuff such as: chickens, butter, vegetables, etc. were freely given and without reservation by farmers from the surrounding farms, as gifts. 49

The following quote reflects the spirit of An interesting report in this regard should be cooperation and solidarity at the time of the epidemic: “But it is to the gallant spirit of self-sacrifice, which was displayed by so many, that we wish to call special attention: Despite the fact that the disease was so highly infectious, all the nursing and other work in connection with the hospital was carried out for the first ten days by purely voluntary helpers, and mere words are insufficient to record our gratitude for the manner in which ladies and gentlemen quietly and calmly risked their lives to assist their fellows in their hour of need. Almost every one contracted the disease as a result of a gallant and high hearted answer to the call for help. One, the late Mr H S Meyer, laid down his life and our sympathy goes out to his relatives. It is a matter for thankfulness that we do have to mourn the loss of any other of our hospital helpers” In fighting contagious diseases in animals and plants, the Town Council provided for the acquisition of different serums and chemicals. A regulation was promulgated for compulsory measures that would be taken in order to combat the disease. For instance, in November 1917 a decision was made to build a sheep-dip and residents were compelled to dip their sheep. At a Council meeting of 16 July 1914, the following three decisions regarding sanitation were taken: That the Town Clerk, during his next visit to Pretoria, purchase six lanterns for night sewage service; That 5 oxen should be bought; and That an assistant to the Sanitary Inspector be appointed. The minutes also mentioned that night services were to be delivered every night of the week except Sunday. The service, which consisted of conventional bucket system, was provided by way of a scotch-cart drawn by 2 oxen. Of course it was the tasks of Sanitary Inspector to perform his inspections at night, on foot. In 1919, the Council voted a horse and a bicycle in 1926 to the inspector, for the performance of his nightly duties. In one of his inspection reports, described the Sanitary Caretaker previous night’s catastrophe that went more or less as follows: while the two oxen before the scotch-cart were crossing the pavement, suddenly there was a tremendous noise that frightened and routed them. The night cart floated in the waterway and collided with a telegraph pole. Consequently, it was not only the telegraph pole and wires that ended on the road, but so did the scotch-cart’s load. On close investigation it was discovered that the noise was that of lions from a circus that was visiting the town. 50 mentioned: During the fighting of a mouse plague; the Health Committee was compelled to make use of a reasonable expensive toxin. One of the famous Pharmacists of his time and Council member Mr Kark, however, came to the rescue of the Health Committee by mixing his own poison, which was also much cheaper than the purchased product. The report to the Council was that Mr. Kark’s mouse poison was as effective as the otherwise more expensive preparation. Needless to say, the health services are today run on modern scientific basis industry, with appropriately trained staff. This table is indicative of the Health Department’s extensive services: Immunisations done – Official year 1979/80 Smallpox – 207 whites; 439 Blacks/Coloureds/Asians. Poliomyelitis – 419 whites; 975 Blacks/Coloureds/Asians. Diphtheria: clip-in-the jaw and Pertussis - 377 whites; 1047 Blacks/Coloureds/Asians Sewage The smiles disappeared as soon as the arrival of Holy Communion, which was held in Bethal on a quarterly basis. In their place appeared anxious, worried faces caused by the Town fathers’ steadfast principles say no work should be done on Sunday… The annoyance started when about 1,000 souls’ influx of people caused a huge sanitation problem, and as mentioned, the Town Fathers' belief that no work may be performed on Sunday only aggravated the situation. The given bucket system eventually gave in to the cargo. The state of affairs, did not only give the Town Fathers headaches, but also made sure that they meet each subsequent communion celebration with fear and trembling. But as the saying goes, when the emergency is at its height, the outcome is there. The gods were gracious to the Town Fathers and the first so-called septic tank was taken into use in a private resident in 1916. Needless to say, the system was unanimously approved and encouraged by the Council. With the advent of internal drainage, the Town Council set up Sewage water purification works. Currently attention is paid to the construction of a 5 MI/d activated works, at an estimated cost of R2, 3 million.

Other services Roads, sidewalks and curbs In a Town Report of September 1915, it was stated that about 13 000 metres of the road should be gravelled. The effective implementation of this task meant that gravel had to be dug by pick and transported to town by means of a scotch-cart. These activities apparently gave purpose that the Council had decided doubling its oxen number and scotch-cart fleet in a bid to gravel all Bethal roads as soon as possible. In January 1926 Naude Street became the first tarred street at Bethal. The cost related to tarring of streets amounted to 4 shillings 91/2 pennies per square yard. Currently cost runs at R4 and R5 per square metre. There was, already a beginning in 1924 in the currently 75 kilometres streets in Bethal, of which 45 kilometres or 60 per cent was paved. Further there were 150 kilometres of sidewalks, 70 kilometres curbs and stone edge gutters. 1924 Council’s photo Abattoir A modern A-grade abattoir, with a throughput capacity of 200 cattle units was predicted at that time. The erection there of would take place in the current Industrial area (Extension 14). The table below shows the breakdown figures for the past three years: Cattle………. Calves……… Sheep………. Pigs………….. Total........... 1977: 13 549 308 18 252 6 303 38 412 1978: 16 605 550 26 970 7 950 52 075 1979: 18 998 512 26 110 7 727 53 347 51

Sports grounds and leisure resorts As early as May 1916, the Council received an application from Bethal Golf Club, in which approval was being requested for the burning of grass between the golf course and the residential area. Bowling fans were surprised to know that the Town Council had already voted on February 13, 1939 to the establishment of a bowling ground. Annual rent was fixed at 10 shillings. With regard to national sport in South Africa, the first recorded Council Help was found in the minutes of September 19, 1940. On the date in question, the delegation requested Council to allow land bordering high school site for the development and promotion of rugby fields. The existing club undertook to make the improvements manually. The delegation also requested the use of Council’s implements, as well as water, lastly to make the sports grounds usable. The requests were granted. The sports facility at Bethal appeared thus: two rugby sports ground, one hockey field, two basketball courts, six tennis courts; a central sports complex was expected on Hendrik Joubert Park, were the current sports grounds are standing. Fishing, water skiing and braai facilities around the dam, contributing to an attractive recreational star clean. A Caravan Park and hall complex is also situated on the banks of the dam. Tennis facilities at Bethal Recreational complex on the Town’s dam 52

*Jukskei at Bethal Library services In 1922 the first private library was used, apparently it was part of the old Town Complex on plot 190. A certain Mrs Van Rensburg was the first librarian. In 1940 the library moved to the already built Town Hall, which during 1965, was the topic of extension. During 1960 the library received provincial status. In 1977 library services was rendered from the current modern and well-equipped library. Exhibitions and film screenings are regularly presented in the Auditorium of the library building. New library *JUKSKEI: The object of the game is to knock over a peg that is planted in a sandpit over a distance of between 11 and 16 m (depending on age and gender). It is played in teams with usually four members each. Each member has two yoke (and thus two turns). The playing field consists of two pits juxtaposed in opposite directions, so that play can take place in both directions. Each time a team member knocks over the peg, he gets three points. If the peg wasn’t knocked out, the team lying closest to the position of the peg, scores as many points as they have yoke closer to the peg than their opponent's closest yoke. The first team to get exactly 23 points first wins the game… (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukskei) 53

Planting trees and protection of existing planted trees Protecting trees from the earliest times was the Town Council of Bethal’s special attention. The minutes of 16 September 1915 shows evidence of this as application had to be made from the Council whenever a tree was to be removed. Permission was only granted to do so if circumstances necessitated it. Every budget of the Town Council and later Municipal Council, provided for the planting of trees. Bethal currently boasts approximately 4 000 trees. Licensing of vehicles All carts, whether drawn by horses, mules or donkeys had to be licensed from the earliest years. This rule was also applicable to motor vehicles from 1914. Due to increase in the use of motor vehicles, the Town Council decided in 1928 that a speed limit within the Council’s jurisdiction should be established. The first speed limit was set at 12 miles per hour (plus minus 19 km/h). It was especially during the last few years that registered vehicles rapidly increased in numbers. In 1968 for example, the number of vehicles was 7 963 and ten years later, in 1979 there was about 17 500 – an increase of 45 per cent. Significantly to note, is the number of fatal accidents in the municipal area: in 1978 two and in 1979 three! The 1927 Municipal Council 54

The 1935 Council looked thus: Standing: J Hoogland: City-Prosecutor; Council member J A J van Vuuren; Council member J A J van Noordwyk; A L Delport: City engineer; Council member Dr M Wulfsohn; Council member H S Steyn; Council member J J Naudel; E Chantler: Health-inspector. Sitting: H F M Joubert: Town Clerk & Treasurer; Council member H M Swart: Mayor; Mrs A Kaplan: General Clerk; Council member R H Johnstone: Deputy Mayor; Council member L P Croeser. Building operations Prospective developers of Bethal, in the beginning years were down, underweight of Council’s approval of building plans. In 1914 came the first, as far as is known, Council law applicable to a certain Mr Gaminsky who is alleged to have erected a building on Market Square; without Council’s consent. The building was demolished by the Council. The fact that in 1979 building plans amounting to R9 million were approved, produces irrefutable evidence of the healthy growth Bethal maintained. Airport Shooting range On August 22, 1919 the Town Council issued commission that land be reserved for an airport. S. A. Aerial Transport was requested to assist the Council with the laying out of the proposed airport. An area of about 750 metres to 1 000 metres, situated near Standerton road, was in August 1925 permitted to be used by the Bethal Commando as a shooting range. 55

Agricultural showground On 21 November 1939, the Council agreed that the current agricultural showground be given to the skougenoodskap for lease. This happened in exchange for land between Simon and Kieser streets. Town Council and officials: 1972/73 Bethal Town Council: 1980/81. In front, Cllr W J Pretorius (Member of Management committee), Cllr G P Bothma (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee and Chairman of the Library Committee), Cllr P Kruger (Mayor and chairman of the Council), Cllr C P Malan (Deputy Mayor), Cllr J I du Toit. Middle, Cllr J W Saurmann (Member of the Library Committee), Cllr W A J Venter, Cllr C G Naude (Member of the Library Committee and representative on Indian Consultative Committee), Mr G Visser (Town Clerk), Mr P J Flemming (City Secretary). Back, Mr P le Roux (Acting Traffic and Licensing Official), Mr G W v d Schyff (Electro technical City Engineer), Mr A J Engelbrecht (Chief Health services), Mr P Kruger (City Engineer), Mr P C de Jager (City Treasurer) Not present, Mr A D J Coutts (Chief Traffic and Licensing Official. Insert: Cllr L M Smith (Chairman of the Residents’ Committee). 56

Schools in Bethal 1903-1980 In the first edition of the De Vereeniging on 15 July 1903, the following was published from the pen of Rev. Liebenberg, who returned to Bethal after the war for the construction thereof: #“At one extraordinary meeting held recently, the educational case was discussed with seriousness and enthusiasm. #“…and there were decided that one part of the church be set up as a school.” The English had after the war, launched their “Government” schools in tents on Church Square. Rev Liebenberg’s interference, however, gave rise to them moving further south. The hall that served as a church during the construction of the new church, housed the C.N.O. [C.N.G.?] school in the square. The C.N.O. schools were called into being because of most parents ‘antipathy to the English school. C.N.O. principal was Mr Niehaus with Mr R B Saayman and Miss Hugo as assistants. The Smuts Education Act of 1907 ordered that all C.N.O. schools should be done away with. At Bethal a merger of school with the government school was found, although the actual amalgamation did not take place until July 20, 1909. Interesting facts regarding “Bethal Government School” before amalgamation included the following: The principal was Mr A Matheson. The following excerpts were from the school’s “log book”: 1 February 1907 Roll number for the week 71. 19 February The school was visited today by Mr Ligertwood, Inspector. 18 March The annual selection of School Committee took place today. The following gentlemen were elected for the ensuing year: Dr Mantell, Messrs. Fotheringham, Hill, Lucas, D. Joubert and J J Kemp 17 May Attendance moderate – harvesting 24 May: Public Holiday – Victoria Day. 13 June: School visited by Mr Hill, chairman of the school committee who kindly presented the school with a football. 8 Nov: Bethal Government School Report of Inspection 21st October 1907. The buildings are totally unsuitable. 30 Nov: I was away from school on the afternoon of 27th through illness which I attribute to the unsuitability of the school building. A 1907 School Certificate #roughly translated from Dutch 57

19 January 1909 New school building opened this morning by Mr Hill, Mr Joubert, member of the school committee and a few other parents being present. Mr Geyer, temporary acting principal, being only teacher present.” From the above, it remains that the buildings left much to be desired. It was apparently referring to the sinking buildings erected by the English. The amalgamation, according to the 1907 Smuts’ law had not been implemented up to that stage. On 20 July 1909 the following note appeared in the diary of the “Government School”: “Schools amalgamated – reopened. Good attendance of parents present. Work was commenced by 5 teachers: G E Geyer, Mr Liebetrau, Miss S Lombaard, Miss Brink and Mrs Konig.” The school at this stage consisted of 156 pupils. “17 August 1909 Heavy rain and snow 7 pupils and 5 teachers present dismissed them at about 10 o’clock.” The amalgamation of schools meant that pupils from both sides quarrel. In an effort to solve the problems Rev Liebenberg and the school board requested that an impartial principal be appointed. Seeing that both Matheson and Niehaus spoke about the principalship, they were sent to different schools as principals. Mr P I Hoogenhout was on 18 January 1910 appointed as principal and the event is recorded as follows in the logbook of the school: “The new principal Mr P I Hoogenhout assumed duties on the 18th of January 1910. All the teachers were present on the first day and a good percentage of the children were in attendance. The books and other records generally are in a very unsatisfactory state. P I HOOGEHOUT.” 9/5/1910: No school – Death of King Edward VII 27/1/1911: The staff: Mr P I Hoogenhout – Form V Mr R Norman – Form IV and Std VII Mr J H de Wet – Std VI Mr G E Geyer – Std V Miss S Lombard – Std III and IV Miss F Brink – Std II Mrs S Konig – Std I Mrs E S Silk – Grades Mr P I Hoogenhout Mr P I Hoogenhout also taught in the first Matric class in 1911. These were: May du Toit; Sarie Loots; Alida Mr P I Hoogenhout 58 Nortje; M Abrahamson; Jan Naude; Dawid Naude. First Eoudia Matriculants. Alida and Annie Louw taken in 1913

Due to the growth of the school, especially middle section, the need for a high school and dormitory grew. Eoudia was erected in 1912. This was soon followed by “hostels” as “The tin canteen”, “House of Lords” and “The Zoo.” #9/11/1912 “Wednesday afternoon between 3 and 4 o’clock PM Albert Hamman was hit by lighting and died [passed away]. His untimely death had dropped a [dark] shadow on the school. 25/4/1913. The school was closed on Monday and Tuesday of this week out of respect for the memory of Mrs P I Hoogenhout, who died [passed away] early on Monday morning.” Eoudia 1913 The first rugby team As far as it is known, only the arrival of Mr P I Hoogenhout and his fiery assistants, Messrs J G Brink, J S Malherbe, J J A Schoeman and C P Malan that they formed a team with the big boys of the school. The Town Council had also on occasions gave instructions that the school should close. For example, the school was closed on 19 April 1915 for a week due to outbreak of infectious diseases” The outbreak of “whooping cough, measles and scarlet fevour, caused that the school close on 27 June 1916 a few days before the holidays begin. An entry of 10 October 1917 of the Department reports that a “High School at Bethal will close.” This was probably the first rugby team picture taken at Bethal in 1914. Charlie Meyer began in 1921 to be Springbok utility and in the same year he was in the first Springbok tour in New Zealand. Back: N Booysen, E Vorster, Charlie Simpson, J Goosen (secr.), C Booysen, Gert Nienaber en G Scheepers. Sitting: Mr J G (Oubaas/Bunny) Brink, Mr C P de L Malan, E Simpson (capt.), Mr P I Hoogenhout, Mr J S Malherbe and Mr J J A Schoeman. Front: N H Theunissen, Charlie Meyer, Coen Geijer and Danie van den Berg. #Translated roughly from Dutch. 59

Mr C P de L Malan entered the following on the Logbook on April 9, 1918: “Bethal High detached from Lower. Mr Malan was requested to act as head of the Bethal Lower School. School”; Shortly after the founding of “Bethal Higher for commencement were made representations of own school building. Meanwhile Mr Hoogenhout gave the so called “Intelligence School” in the grounds of the Primary School. On 23 April 1918, the school was visited by the renowned Dr C L Leipoldt, in his capacity as a medical inspector. He arrived in October 1918 and brought the Spanish Flu with him. In the “Logbook” the following excerpts was written in the hand of Mr P I Hoogenhout: Mr C P de L Malan Excerpts from the “Logbook” Residency 60

1918 matric class: Front: Elmore Hudson, Nic Booysen, Charlie Meyer, Servaas Hauptfleisch and Toekie Kriel. Middle: Minnie Watson, Dora Serfontein, lettie Heyns, Mr P I Hoogenhout, Martha Swart, Julia Zulski and Gustav anderssen. Back: Victor van Heerden, Abie van Heerden, Egbert Boon, Marthinus du Preez, Koos Uys, Louw Botha, Victor Weimar, Hendrik (Pen) Grobler, Lucas Breytenbach, Piet Lotz and Paul Zondagh. In the inspection report of 16 November 1920, it was objected seriously to classrooms that are scattered throughout the town. The report was also against the too weak-ventilated shops in the main street wherein instruction was given. The leased stores were also described as having poor lighting. Environmental noise, mainly from the garage opposite the shops, disadvantaged pupils in their school work. During the meeting held in August 1921, it was proposed that the name of building under construction be named to Mr P I Hoogenhout. By way of voting it was decided that the school High School will be called Hoogenhout. Mr Hoogenhout was in the meanwhile promoted to inspector position, he began end of June 1921 on his new post at Wolmaransstad. Messrs J G Brink and L P Croeser took charge respectively during the construction of the school. On Friday May 12, 1922, the High School Hoogenhout was officially opened by the Administrator of Transvaal. Mr Hoogenhout, as well as 239 pupils attended the opening. The Hoogenhout High School in the late twenties 61

The first team, 1917 Ons Toekoms (Our future) 62

Liebenhof (Court of love) Hoogenhout High School first rugby team 63

Athletic team BOXING Hoogenhout High School’s armature boxing team of the fifties, members of which; won Provincial and South African boxing titles. After their school careers some of them won South African Defence Force and South African Universities Boxing titles. In 1951 this team won a trophy which was awarded to the best boxing team in the Eastern-Transvaal. 64

In the fourth quarter of 1922, Mr Mike Muller was promoted to be head of Hoogenhout High School. Several years later, in 1939, he was promoted to the post of rector for the Heidelberg College of Education. The same year, the famous Mr P F van Schouwenberg, followed Mr Mike Muller on. He held the position with great success until 1957. Later the Fernand girl’s hostel was named after him. Mr P F Kruger followed Mr Schouwenberg Also in the year 1968 Hoogenhout High School celebrated its 50 years of historical existence, and the following historical photo was taken at the event. after his retirement in 1957. On July 1, 1967 he left Hoogenhout to accept an inspector’s position. A well-known to Hoogenhout since the early forties, Mr A D W Jonker, followed Mr Kruger in 1968. Until his death in 1974, he occupied his post with great success and solid tradition. The photo was taken during the half-century celebration of Hoogenhout High School. In normal order are: Messrs A D W Jonker, A M Muller, A J Koen (Director of Education), Coert Steynberg (sculptor), P I Hoogenhout, J L van der Merwe (Inspector of Eduction), P F van Schouwenburg and P F Kruger. The period is the late twenties and show the old primary school building, which was later demolished to make way for Palmoord Koshuis (residence). 65

Mr D J Koekemoer was promoted in 1975 to be new head. A year later in 1976 he was again promoted, this time to inspector. Mr P C Viljoen was since 1977 at helm of affairs and with great devotion, the well-known high school’s work continues in the Bethal community. From 1818 to 1929, the new head of “Lower” School Bethal was held by Mr C P de L Malan. The latter had been known as an alert and strict personality. In 1929 another wing was brought to Eoudia, despite the fact that a school was opened at Bethal Station. However, the school closed again during the thirties. Mr Malan was succeeded by Mr H M Swart, on 17 January 1929, as principal. General J J Pienaar, then Administrator of the Transvaal, opened on October 12, 1945 the current primary school. This however, only in 1948 was that the school, was officially renamed H M Swart Primary School. From January 1949 to and including 1980 the principalship was seen as follows. 1949 to 1963: Mr M C du Plessis; 1964 to 1965: Mr W de Vos (Acting); 1965 to 1980: Mr G F Botes, who was followed up the same year, after his retirement, by Mr P Kilian. Primary School at New Bethal On 7 April 1953, the new primary school at New Bethal East (currently Bethal North) was involved. The school was opened officially on November by the then Director of Education, Dr A H du P Ward. Mr G L van der Westhuizen was appointed as head. To assist him in his tasks the following persons were appointed: Messrs C M Botha, A P van Zyl and Miss M J Jandrell and A Aucamp. On December 3, 1965 Mr van der Westhuizen step down as principal. Mr A C Clarke arrived on 17 January in Bethal Palmoord residence as it is seen today from Western Transvaal as new principal. The then Woman Administrator, Mrs Mariitjie van Niekerk, gave permission that the school could be named after her. Mrs Marietjie van Niekerk at the renaming of Bethal Primary 66

Jim van Tonder School The Jim van Tonder Senior Special School, named after the then *MPA, who had already campaigned for some time for the establishment of such a school; was opened on January 1968. Mr D A Muller, acting head during the first year of the school, was succeeded by a first permanent head, Mr G P Bothma. The school has since developed into a beauty for Bethal. Mr D A Muller as acting head in 1968 with his first personnel Mr G I van der Westhuizen and family Mr G P Bothma *Member of Provincial Administration. Mr Jim van Tonder 67

The water year 1970 served as inspiration to erect and designed own unique fountain. It was officially opened by Honourable Minister S P Botha on January 21, 1971. In 1976, with the centenary celebrations of the Transvaal Education Department, the memorial was erected in front of the school bearing the following inscription: In the hand of an educator lies the future of our nation’s youth that is led to perform independently and strengthened by the light from above their calling in life. Education in Transvaal 1876-1976 FARM SCHOOLS Farm schools played an important role after the war. The general arrangement with regard to establishment of farm school was that parents, on behalf of children, guarantee in writing evidence of regular attendance. About 30 children would justify the establishment of a farm school. The history of each farm school, under government support as well as CNO-Skole [*CNG-schools?] in writing here, would occupy too much space. Nevertheless, some interesting aspects are quoted here: The origin of Vrischgewaagd (Baanbreker environment), which can be regarded as typical of all farm schools in the area, is reflected: During 1906 there were about 40 children in School Goedehoop Klipfontein Klipkraal Onverwacht vrischgewaagd Boys Girls Teachers 20 22 14 14 27 15 18 7 16 9 *[Christian Non-Governmental School?] 68 1(male) 1(male) 1(male) 2(male) 1(male) the Baanbreker area who were school matured. The required name list was sent to parents to be signed by parents [guaranteeing their children’s regular attendance], after which it was submitted to the Bethal School Board. On 18 February 1907 the school at Vrischgewaagd was commissioned to be held in a rented house of Mr C Ehlers. Rent was set at ₤50 per year. As a teacher Mr Clements was sent to Vrischgewaagd.

The demand for farm schools, necessitate the urgent establishment thereof. In 1908 there were already 23 schools known: B***smanskranz, Bekkerust, Bankhoek, Cyferfontein, Grootpan, Goedehoop, Good Hope (Bethal), Klipkraal, Klipfontein, Kalbasfontein, Mooimesiesfontein, Onverwaagd, Rietvlei, Trichardt, Topfontein, Tweedraai, Vlakfontein, Van Tondershoek, Vrisgewaagd, Witbank(an old CNG –school), Welstand, Weltevrede and Widebeestfontein. It would appear that water supply in schools, was a matter of availability in the school building, as well as homes for Educators and transport facilities, were main problems that the Education Department faced. School Board minutes of the early twenty years often showed correspondence about the much-talked about donkey. Among other things, a thorough report on State Donkey had to be kept. The exchange, without consent of State Donkey with a private one, was a taboo. By the way donkeys were then traded at about 7/6 (75 cents). Mr Clemons – first teacher of Vrischgewaagd. De Krans School (right) and the teacher’s home (left) Mr Cornelis Eggs Mulder as principal of De Krans School in 1914, with his pupils. 69

Topfontein with principal – Mr Rankin Welstand No 34. Right on the foto sits Mr S S Mare and left, his assistant, Mrs Myburgh. 70

Sukkelaar Primary School 27 October 1922 – Back: Coen de Wet,….., Willem van Oudtshoorn, ….., Bennie Greyling, Stef van Oudtshoorn, Ittie Roux, Piet van Oudtshoorn, Lotz Roux. Middle: ….., Van Heerden, Johannes v. Heerden, Hennie Lotz, Johanna van Oudtshoorn, Van Heerden, Annatjie Botes (Mamewick), Cathrina van Heerden, Mariejie de Wet. Front: Alie de Wet (Van Rensburg), Jana Lemmer, Mr Barmard. Annatjie Lombaardt,….., Dolla Marnewick (Erasmus), Sophie Scheepers. On Ocboer 12, 1934 the School Board secretary reflected amongst other things the following:  “That in the board’s area there are two oneman schools, 19 two-men schools with three person-members, one with four members; one with six members and one with fifteen members;”  “That the total number or pupils in above mentioned schools, 1566 was; of which 63 were under the age of seven years;”  “That there was a high school with 194 learners and eight personnel members;”  That there was an Indian and Coloured School with 25 learners;”  That the Department of Railways undertook to send a locomotive of Bethal to Braanbreker if school train would be 50 minutes late. This would prevent learners arriving late at school.” Farm schools were also used to promote culture of the community. Regular debates, concerts and performances took place there. Education in the Transvaal during 1935 was marked by many farm schools – by November there 71 Late Ms Malan were 849 farm schools with a total of 47 162 learners.

In May 1936, centralisation of farm schools The Primary School Onverwacht that had was approved and full-time centralisation officers were accordingly appointed. Centralised schools emerged anywhere in the countryside (platteland). Centralisation has meant that residences were built, and vehicle transport schemes were extended. The bus transport schemes have contributed in the disappearance of most farm schools around Bethal over the years. existed from earliest years, boasted with rich colours and later with a beloved figure in Bethal and environment. She was Ms Malan who we honour. She took every effort in providing the necessary knowledge and education to children of the folks. Ms Malan, who died in 1980, before which; the job of folks’ education had become her life’s work. Nursery school at Market Street, Bethal Siembamba Nursery School, at Wicht Street Nurseries In Bethal the arrangement is also made for the needs of working mothers with nursery schools. 72 Excellent service is delivered by two nursery schools.

SPIRITUAL CARE 1902 – 1980 The Dutch Reformed Church 73

Rev and Mrs Liebenberg, shortly before his retirement Dutch Reformed Congregation Reverends J P Liebenberg and A P Burger joined the commandos, at the beginning of the war, with a view to spiritual ministering. Later both were taken as prisoners–of-war. After Rev Liebenberg came back in 1902 and after he had made shelter arrangements, he went to Stellenbosch in December 1902 to collect his wife and son. Damage due to the war cost the church much, i.e. ₤2 835 (R5 670). ₤1 000 (R2 000) was paid. Rev H S Bosman, former Moderator of the Synod, took the cornerstone laying ceremony of the new church on 22 August 1903 at the square. From 25 February 1905 started the proceedings to the dedication of the new church. Rev Liebenberg, assisted by his wife, herself a trained teacher, did everything in their powers to stir up interest in school and education. Rev Liebenberg had an important part in the arrival of the famous Mr P I Hoogenhout to Bethal Government School. Very soon, the church residence Euodia, currently being rebuilt, and broken to form the Silver Years – old age home, was set up as girls’ dormitory. With Rev J P Liebenberg’s initiative and zeal, supported by his church council, the high school’s dormitories were named: Ons Toekoms (Our Future) and Liebenhof (Court of love) in the early twenties. On 25 January 1936, the Transvaal Provincial Administration took over the residences because of the church’s financial inability to maintain it. Daughter congregations arose with the growth and expanse of the Transvaal’s Church in the countryside (platteland). So it was split into: Morgenzon (1911), Morgenzon (1912), Hendrina (1916) and Charl Cillers (1917). NG Modergemeente (The NG Mother Congregation) 74

On 25 and 26 September 1937, the then wellknown and beloved pastor was bade farewell. J J Struwig was ordained and confirmed on January 22, 1938. On 12 April 1938 Rev Struwig and the daughter of Mr and Mrs H M Swart of Bethal got married. By 1939 it was clear that some defects of the old church building irreparable and it was decided to make a collection of money for that purpose. Early in 1942 the Rev and Mrs Struwig left the church. In January 1943 Rev E H Latsky took the reins of Bethal as minister. The weekend of 3-4 February 1945 brought joy when the Rev G O Meij’s classmate Rev Latsky as co-minister was received to the church and the Rev R J J van Vuuren on 1 November 1947, followed him for a short period of time. After this Rev Meij worked alone. On 16 November 1949 Merlindale was disestablished and on 18 and 19 February 1950, the old church was bade farewell. The new NG Church beyond the primary school H M Swart was officially inaugurated. NG Bethal-East NG Bethal North, currently being built 75

Rev R B Murray was curate from 1955 to 1958 and in 1959 Rev E H Latsky came back to the congregation where he stayed until both ministers accept their retirement. Their successors were the Rev. Fourie and the current Rev Du Preez. Meanwhile Bethal-East established Congregation of the Mother Church from which the operation is conducted by Rev Van den Berg, the Rev Du Rand and currently, the Rev P B Grobler. A few years ago, Bethal-North Congregation, led by the Rev Flip Grobler, was established. The congregation church building is currently under construction. Reformed church during snow falls in Bethal. Reformed church After the war, claims were lodged to the Imperial Government for the ruining of the church and rectory by the English. As a result, the compensation of R800 was received. After the war, the Rev J A van Rooy became custodian of Bethal and in 1906 Rev P Postma. In 1910 the church council decided on erection of a new church building. Twelve plots were purchased at R50 a piece in another part of the town for that purpose. A tender for construction of the new church was accepted. In October 1914 the church building was officially inaugurated. In October 1916 probationer J C vd Walt served in a combination career of Bethal-Germiston. Later he went to Piet Retief and the period of custodian operation follows. In 1925 a combination of Johannesburg-East was incurred and Rev T T Spoelstra was replaced, in 1927, by Dr P J S de Klerk. Later, in 1928, the Rev W J de Klerk became custodian. On 5 April 1930 occupation of Bethal, Standerton and Volksrust was carried out by probationer S du Toit as a minister. However, he settled at Bethal. The Afrikaans Bible, by way of a joint festival with other Afrikaans churches, started to be used in August 1933. In April 1935 the Rev S du Toit was appointed senior pastor. During this period the church celebrated with great gratitude, on 17 November 1940, their 50thyear of existence. Probationer J P Coetzee was the next minister and he served for eight years with great devotion in the congregation. In 1963 the church council allowed the building of comfortable and beautiful parsonage. That same Rev Coetzee left the congregation and Rev C M J van Vuuren accepted the occupation in March 1964. Since then he continued to work with great zeal in his church, as well as in the field of education. 76

Dutch Reformed Church Members of Trichardtsfontein congregation had long been nurturing the desire to establish a separate congregation. The official date of establishment of the congregation is listed as May 25, 1918. During autonomy the congregation already had its own pastor, the Rev J J Prinsloo. Rev Prinsloo, however, after 8 months, he moved to Standerton and for next nine years, the congregation was served by custodians. On 18 October 1919 the church council ratified the purchase of plots for the construction of the first church of the congregation. Careful planning characterised the new church building. In 1925 plans submitted by the famous architect, Mr Gerhard Moerdyk was accepted and published on tender. The cornerstone was laid by custodian L E Brandt on 23 January 1926 and on 27 November 1926 the church was inaugurated… Rev J G M Dreyer was received as a minister on 28 July 1928, and until he left the congregation on November 28, 1937, he worked with dedication and great enthusiasm here. After the departure of Rev Dreyer, there past almost four years before the Rev A Brandt was confirmed as minister for Bethal on January 1941, but on January 27, he departed again. Rev W van Bergen served as pastor from June 1945 to March 1949. He was, from February 1956, followed by Rev P W A Bierman. Probationer M J van Schalkwyk was confirmed Rev J J Prinsloo here in 1958 and he worked with special diligence in the congregation till February 1963. Early in 1958 it was decided that alterations needed to be made to the old church, but it finally ran out when planning for a new church building was done, which materialised in the pastoral of Rev J H Koekemoer (1963-1965). The new church was inaugurated on April 10, 1965. After the Rev J H Koekemoer’s departure, he was succeeded by the Rev A T McDonald. The latter also left the church some time later. Rev A T McDonald was followed by Rev S P Pretorius from 1971-1975. After many careers Rev C L Badenhorst accepted the career of Bethal in 1976 and came to settle here. Dutch Reformed Church – designed by Gerhard Moerdyk. 77

The new church of the Reformed Congregation Bethal Hebrew Congregation In 1913 the Jewish community of Bethal consecrated their first synagogue. The foundation stone records that it was laid by Gen. Louis Botha, the then Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. Some forty years later, a new synagogue and Talmud Torah were consecrated on the site of the old synagogue. The only record of the old place of worship, the foundation stone, reposes in one of the walls of the new structure. Mr Moss Freed and Mr J Oleska, foundation members of the congregation, who attended the consecration of the first synagogue, were also present. Synagogue and communal Hall 78

Other churches and church denomination buildings at Bethal The Apostolic Faith Mission Full Evangelical Church St Bedes Anglican Church 79

CO-OPERATIVE IDEAS 80

Oostelike Transvaal Koӧperasie Beperk (Eastern Transvaal Co-operation Limited) Origin and foundation For 10 years - from 1908 to 1918 - was Bethal and district served by the Bethal Co-operative Agricultural Society. Bad debts and the subsequent inevitable distribution accounts at nearly 440 members were the main cause of liquidation. After this, the word Co-operation everything: unfaithfulness, laxity and mismanagement could mean for many farmers. In many homes accusations were hurled and co-operative became a slang word. Fortunately, this shame and scorn, then on the move, did not become the rule but rather was an exception. With time the wounds healed, and the 191418 war caused domestic markets to collapse. The urge to stand together and work their salvation out; again began in the Bethal district. Different farmers associations came to live, including Frischgewaagd, Goedehoop and Sukkelaar. The need for closer cooperation in the form of cooperative gradually came to the fore. The act was added to the word, and the desirability of a meeting for interested parties was considered. Men that previously campaigned for this were later ardent supporters of the Co-operation. Among them was Jopie van der Merwe, Moon Snyman, Henry Snyman and cornelis Heyneke. A meeting was convened on 5 April 1923, from which approximately 150 farmers representatives were present. As speakers: were Registrar of Co-operatives (Mr J Retief), the manager of Landbank (Mr T Herhold), the gentlemen Arnold Smith and Joshua Scheepers (Directors of the Central Agency for Co-operative Societies Ltd, Johannesburg) and Mr C H Keet, manager of the latter company. The late commander J D Naude acted as first chairman. The latter became founding member and cooperator until his death. Mr D J C Malan was chosen as Secretary, who would later play a very important role on the development and growth of the business. For Bethal and producers in East-Transvaal, this meeting had rich consequences. “The purpose of the meeting was the siege by the Central Agency for co-operative societies, that they had heard the speakers i.e. Mr Retief, Registrar of cooperative societies, Mr Herold, Manager of the Land bank and the gentlemen Arnold Smit, J J Scheepers, and Keet, members of the Central Agency, that it was the wish to discuss again the establishment of Bethal “Cooperative”. “The proposal was submitted in writing by Mr C S Heyneke, and seconded by Hr. M de Vos, namely, ‘The meeting decided to establish a co-operative society with unlimited responsibility’ and generally was adopted by 49 votes. In the end the name of the Association was to be named “The Eastern Transvaal Agricultural Cooperative Societies. From the model regulations, the articles treated out were shown and was approved with some changes. Thus goes the excerpts from the minute of 81 the meeting. Once the opportunity was given to sign the application forms for membership, the meeting proceeded to elect Directors and as such was chosen Messrs: Arnold Smith, J J Scheepers, H P Hancke , D J C Malan, S J Smith, J D Hancke and C S Heyneke. Struggle, growth and expansion - the first 21 years After the establishment of the association of Bethal under the name “Oostelike Tranavaal Landbouw Kooperatiewe Vereniging”, (“Eastern Transvaal Agricultural Co-operative Society”), a new beginning was immediately made with the co-operative in a practical way. The task rested on the shoulders of the above chosen Directors, with nothing to build the business on. Without capital, office and little sympathy, the matter had to be tackled head on. After Mr Arnold Smith was elected Chairman and Mr H P Hancke elected Deputy Chairman, D J C Malan was elected as Acting Secretary. It was decided that meetings be held at Trichardt, Kinross, Morgenzon and Roodebank. On May 17, 1923 the Board of Directors decided to rent business office the following day in order to commence business, and on 1 June 1923 the members decided, during a special meeting, to ask for a loan of ₤30 000 from the Land Bank. The subsequent maize season, the Association handled 60 220 bags of maize, paid an advance, mid advance and rebates and put a net profit of ₤956 10s 11d off. The firm Williamson and Stewart (later Stewart, Steyn and and Co.) were nominated by members as auditors. The staffs were extended to two persons with the appointment of an accountant, Mr G Scorgie. The storekeeping work was still conducted successfully by the Secretary. In this way the Association wrestled through its early years. The next six years showed no significance growth on total members. Nevertheless still, five depots were opened for receiving maize. The 1930 depression and the declining value of maize drove more and more producers to the co-operative. For many years this famous old grain silo, has been a landmark at Bethal.

The growth and expansion however, took The maize pool outcome and short of 1s 9d per abnormal proportions and much confusion was experience in both administration and receipt of products. The Association was basically unprepared for the abnormal expansion. The result was to include enhancements in storage space, new depots and staff. The Association occupied its new offices during April 1931. The so-called “depression” prices of maize at 3s. 4d. per bag in the open market, compared to the co-operative-advance of 7s. 6d. was mainly responsible for the sudden “co-operative spirit”. Membership grew to over 3 000 and the maize delivery of 1931-32 season, reached the record figure of 1 750 000 bags. The old OTK head office bag; again caused the opposite sense of anti-cooperative spirit. In 1932 a bonus of £100 was awarded to members of the Board and the first Board’s photo was taken during this period. Back: D J C Malan (Secretary), J S Grobler, Chas Schnaid, J H Havemann, W W J Bezuidenthout, D J Prinsloo and M J van der Westhuizen (Accountant). Front: Dr A J Vorster, C M Goldstein, A Blaas, H P Hanke (Chairman), G G Kuun (Vise-Chairman), and J D Hancke. An experienced manager with the cooperation of his Board of Directors and the Government guaranteed compensation for the deficit on the maize pool had apparently prevented the matter from heading for disaster. Another shock was caused when the Central Agency was liquidated in 1934… By the recession, times of setbacks and insufficient maize prices, there was growth in Association’s capital strength and good co-operators. Despite the fact that membership could decline to 1 200 in 1935, can be counted on moral support of those selected co-operators. 82

Another factor has since come to fore for the producer, the confidence in the trading business of OTK, and the reduction in the farmer’s production cost, by purchasing her/his farming necessities from her/his own co-operative. The unlimited responsibility under the existing system, however, was a major stumbling block. Several producers have remained outside, remembering the failure of unlimited agricultural societies in the past. The OTK performed a ground breaking work on the area. With the help of Mr Raymond Steyn of the Auditors Firm, the unrestricted association was liquidated in 1936, and a company with limited liability was established. Members of the old Association agreed that their share in the paid-up form of share capital of the limited company could be allocated to them in the reserve fund. The period of exceptional growth and prosperity in the period of exceptional growth and prosperity in the history of OTK, in fact, dates only from this stage. Extension, by the inclusion of Middelburg in 1935 and Ermelo in 1937, had already taken place. With OTK maturing in 1944, the membership stood nearly at 7 000 and the capital reserves at more than £100 000. The few facts reflect in short, a summary of OTK’s origin, growth and expansion. Already in 1944 it was predicted that OTK would still reach great heights. Its strength lied mainly in 7 000 co-operators’ organised power, capital strength, its vast territory and its possibility for service delivery. The total turnover since 1948 increased from R39 228 144 to R2 557 016 865 in 1978. This figure speaks of prosperity and progress. Significant enhancement was found within the structure of OTK since 1944, and different sections are summarised as follows: OTK main building front extension Trading The trading section of OTK was initially a branch of the products handling, but later became an independent department with a turnover of R100 million per year. Of the 37 branches, were a wide range of farming necessities are provided, most had already switchover to self-service system. Although the policy of no credit was initially applicable, the farming industry soon showed that credit is a critical requirement. Today credit play an important role in the trade, and an outstanding feature of OTK’s credit system is that there are very few bad debts that are written off; an indication of good faith and support by members 83 towards OTK. With the establishment of the Cooperation on April 5, 1923, there was not real estate or buildings available where ordinary business transactions could be conducted. The first officer had his administrative duties as well as personnel issues, performed in a small room. Today, after seventy-five years, the organisation has more than a thousand white employees. With the growth of the organization taking place: systematic delineation of duties and the creation of various departments in subdivisions. A Personnel Division, stock department, building department, insurance division and its own printing plant was established.

Mechanization makes its appearance. While the threshing machine is busy, on the floor the grain is loaded for dispatch. (On the surface it would appear as if there are as many workers as there are bags!) Products-handling OTK was initially established to handle grain from its members, yet over time other activities resulted from this. For example, the milling industry played an important role. With the closure of 1978, the turnover had already reached R43, 8 million. It was a long and arduous road to get to where the Cooperative finds itself today. If one thinks of seed supply, the silos and barns for bulk handling of grain, the safe storage of grain on behalf of the governing bodies and all the other technical requirements that must be met, the feedlots, livestock feed factory, etc. then you realise that the Products section, is indeed the sturdy pillar that the Co-operative may rely on. 84

New silo complex of OTK on the background Expanding services of OTK OTK-Ginneries (Marble Hall) During a 1974 annual meeting at Groblersdal, a petition signed by 519 farmers, was submitted with a request that OTK undertake the management of cotton. This request was considered kindly by the Board of Directors and on 8 October 1975, the first cotton was officially seeded. Livestock feed factory (Kinross) During 1978 OTK entered Fodder industry, with the creation of a show off animal feed factory at Kinross. Eighteen months after the entry, circled the Co-operative’s activities so wide that OTK’s Trade department was nearly distributing 5 000 tons of balanced feeds each month to members. Agricultural Extension The Agricultural Development department has been in existence for 27 years and valuable guidance has been provided to farmers in the OTK area. Although this department has professionally trained people, they have aimed at practical research as their objectives. A Highveld farm, Wildebeestfontein, was bought for this purpose and intensive agriculture and animal husbandry research is done here. OTK also has an experimental farm, Oudestad, near Groblersdal; where valuable research is done. Accounting Department Sound financial management is an essential link in the process of progress in any business. OTK’s Accounting Department played a very important role over the years in the success of the Co-operative. The functions of the Department can be divided into three main functions:  Financing, which includes all aspects relating to credit management, members and nonmembers accounts;  Finance and accounts, which controls all accounting functions of the Co-operative;  Internal Control and planning, including budgeting, cost accounting, internal control and planning, accounts automating services, assets registers and taxes sorting. 85

Chief Executive Officers Mr D J C Malan (1923-1944) The late Mr D J C Malan was the official General Manager of OTK. Born on May 19, 1887 in Pretoria, after which he was bank clerk, later miller and finally settled as a farmer in 1911 on the farm Goedehoop, in the Bethal district. Like David of old, he was called from being shepherd to kingship, so he was called from the plough to become leader of a farmers’ organisation, which grew under his authority to one of the powerful and prestigious co-operatives in South Africa. Mr J N Swart (1944-67) Jacobus Nicolaas Swart was born on the 6th of October 1906 on the farm Brakforntein in the district of Standerton. After the passing away of his mother on 28 November 1906, his paternal grandparents took him to their home in the Bethal district and brought him up. Up to and including standard 4, he attended a farm school in the Bethal district and for standard 5 and 6 he attended Bethal Primary School. In 1924 he matriculated at Hoogenhout High School. At that time, job opportunities were scarce and after he was helpful for the first six months of 1925 on the farm, he was appointed junior clerk at the headquarters of the Eastern Transvaal Agricultural Co-operative Society. The designation of “General Manager” was changed from October 27, 1943 to “Chief Executive Officer”, and from 1 May 1944 he was appointed second Chief Executive Officer of the co-operative with his appointment as Chief Executive Officer [later on]. Mr D J C Malan, founding member of OTK and also first officer was General Manager until 1944. He passed away shortly after this. This post he occupied with great distinction for the rest of his term on 31 March 1967 following the arrival of his retirement. Mr D C de Wet 1967Dirk Cornelis de Wet was born on 9 January 1924 in the Ermelo district. His parents settled later on the family farm, Sukkelaar, in the Bethal district. He received schooling at Bekkersdal Primary School and Hendrikspan, and Matriculated in 1941 at the Hoogenhout High School of Bethal. In December the same year, he served as a junior clerk in the service of Voortrekkerswinkels (Koӧp) Bpk . With his retirement in 1952, he had already served several years as secretary of the business and later settled on farming in the area of Kiepersol in the East-Transvaal Lowveld. In June 1953 he went to serve at OTK as Personnel and Board’s Clerk, and was promoted in October the same year, as Secretary/Personnel Manager. On 1 February 1954 he was promoted to General Secretary and he also became a member of the Board of Directors. After the retirement of the General Secretary in 1960, the two secretary’s positions were combined into one, and were handled by Mr De Wet in the capacity of Secretary. On 1 January 1967 he became Co-Chief The first Chairman of OTK the late Mr Nollie Smith served from 5 April 1923 to 26 August 1926 in this capacity. Executive Officer and with the resignation of J N Swart, he was promoted to Chief Executive Officer on 1 April 1967. With the reorganisation of OTK’s management in 1979, Mr De Wet was promoted to Senior Chief Executive Officer. 86

Chairmen Mr A P Smith 1923-1926 Mr H P Hancke 1926-1956 Mr J H W Jacosz (Sn) 1956-1962 Mr J S Smit 1962-1971 Mr J J Wentzel 1971-1979 Mr G S Schoombee 1979Consistency was a feature of OTK and one can hardly find better proof of this than the fact that OTK in the past 56 years has had only 6 Chairmen. None of them was ever voted out – all resigned due to bodily strength decline, or due to call of other duties. Each one left a mark, yet none would call fame to himself. For them it was a period of service with other board members, their contribution was just part of the collective contribution. They all possess gift to win trust, and keep it. Board of Directors OTK’s planners, is the Board of Directors, elected at annual meetings where only active farmers and members are voting. Area served Today OTK serves 16 000 members on a range of 10 630 000 hectares. The area extends from Lothair in east to the west in Vereeniging, Marble Hall in the north to Wakkerstroom in the south. Voortrekkerswinkels (Koӧperatief) Beperk 1939-1979 [voortrekkers Stores (Co-operative) Limited] Voortrekkerwinkels (koӧperatief) Beperk inception was indeed a humble and modest effort of a small number of consumers of Bethal. The lack of Sale Places in town (as it was known in the early thirties), had a sale location, on a cooperative model necessitated. The Co-operative Society was founded by a mere 29 users on 24 June 1936, and was registered on October 7, 1936. It exceeded expectations, and developed into a colossus which became the epitome of those who felt the need for it. By means of the 1936 OTK board, a building was made available to the sister co-operative. On 10 December 1936 the trading of Voortrekkerswinkels started. After this, OTK continued with the erection of the building, solely for Voortrekkerwinkels. Mr Gerhard Moerdyk of the Voortrekker monument-fame was the architect. During the official opening on 25 November 1939, the following messages were delivered: The late Dr J D Kestel: “Unite, unite, with God of our fathers in view”. The late Dr M S Louw: (Sanlam): “May your Association deliver an increasing contribution to the economic raising up of Afrikaner people”. Sonop, Bloemfontein: “Our small nation pull-pull yet forward. We are grateful and proud of you”. The late Dr H F Verwoerd (previous Prime Minister): “Each new Afrikaner business helps build on the economic independent of the Afrikanerdom”. Adv C R Swart (first State President): “May this memorable day for Afrikaners of Bethal and environs, serve as an urge on and inspiration”. Initially Voortrekkerswinkels were housed in a building with OTK Limited commercial department, on the corner of Plein (now Eufees) and Du Plooy streets. Property was bought for R2 000. J J A Schoeman, OTK lawyer assisted with the completion of the two deeds of sale. Santam bought and OTK bought from Santam at the same price while OTK was only responsible for the cost of the two transactions. 87

In April 1964 Voortrekkerwinkels bought yet another land at Eufees Street. The Association’s architect designed plans for the extension of the Women’s division as well as two floors for staff accommodation. The building was completed and occupied in 1966. Mr Steyn’s existing land on Eufees Street was In September 1943 Voortrekkerswinkels bought the building for R17 600 from OTK. In 1955 the adjacent land of Mr H S Steyn was bought and in 1959 the existing extended building was used. It was also the first self-service store in Bethal. purchased by OTK and Voortrekkerwinkels in May 1972, and a portion of the existing building was with minor changes, by Voortrekkerwinkels used for spreading its furniture division. The total floor area for Head Office at Bethal, already covered 7 500 m2. The branches in Secunda, Kriel and Middelburg contributed to the service delivery of Association’s 6 000 members. Die Transvaalse Aartappelkoӧperasie Beperk (The Transvaal Potato Co-operation Limited) The initiative and determination of a group of Bethal potato farmers saw to it that Bethal, in addition to “maize-centre”, also became seat of organised potato-farming and – marketing in Transvaal. That there was a necessary approach in potato trade, was made apparent by the fact that within the period of six months, two potato cooperations were formed. The On the evening of 11 November 1963 Mr Hirschowitz was appointed as the first and only Chairman of the Co-operation, and Mr Pieterse as the Secretary. Other members present were: Messrs J S Smit, E Hirschowitz, H B Hirschowitz, G M J Slabber, I Goldberg and Public Accountant Mr J H Hugo. Altogether 700 shares, of R1, 00 each were Hoëveldse Aartappelkoӧperasie (Highveld Potato Co-operation) was established on 11 November 1963 at Bethal and the Dendronse Aartappelkoӧperasie and became (Dendronse Potato Cooperation) on 29 April 1964. In 1966 the two, merged together Transvaalse Aartappelkoӧperasie Beperk (Transvaal’s Potato Cooperation Limited), with head office in Bethal. The driving force behind initial Highveld’s Cooperation was Messrs Isaac Hirschowitz and Hennie Pieterse. taken up that evening by those present. Each paid up R10, 00. According to the register Mr H J Pieterse of Dorsfontein, Bethal was the overall first shareholder of the Hoëveld Aartapelskoӧperasie. The first board meeting was held on December 21, 1965. The seven founding members had decided that, once the membership has increased sufficiently, they would retire so that a new Board is elected. On January 7, 1964, with membership of 74, the special meeting was held. Fifty-nine members were present. Mr Hennie Pieterse Mr Isaac Hirschowitz 88

Mr C Nichas was elected as new director in place of Mr H B Hirschowitz. Mr I Hirschowitz remained Chairman and Mr H Pieterse became the new Vice-Chairman. Mr B J Kriel was, on 25 January 1964, appointed as Manager of the Co-operation. A bank account was opened at Barclays Bank and in the meanwhile, the number of members grew to 210. On 25 January 1966 a special meeting was held with the view of merging with Dendron Aartapelskoӧperasie. The attendance was not satisfactory and the next meeting would be convened. On 9 February a unanimous decision was taken to amalgamate with Dendron Aartappelkoӧperasie. It was also the last meeting of the Highveld Potato Co-operative. The Dendron Aartappelkoӧperasie meanwhile, decided to accept amalgamation plans. During a special meeting on 10 November, which was attended by 47 members, there was a difference of opinion on the matter. At the meeting of December 13, 1965, 80 per cent of the meeting attendees voted in favour of the merger. On March 8, 1966, the first board meeting of the new Transvaal Potato Co-operative took place. The board was as follows: I Hirschowitz; Chairman, J D Snyman; Vice-Chairman, M Mynhardt, H J Pieterse, A Klein, C Nichas, G J M Slabber, Mr B J M Kriel, the manager of the new co-operative. The outcome of a decision on 15 June 1966, at Dendron and confirmation of the decision on Bethal, on June 17; was that market agencies were set up for the orderly marketing of the member’s production. Today the Co-operation’s agencies are available in Pretoria, Johannesburg and Vereniging. Between the years 1966 to 1968, the cooperation’s right of existence was under suspicion. The manager resigned and the Land Bank expressed concern about the financial state of the Co-operation, and the number of debtors who were described as extremely high. Production volume of potatoes and the price of potatoes during the period before descending were very erratic. In surplus times, the Co-operation had to assist. In shortage times the Co-operation was ignored in pursuit of direct sales and attractive prices. In 1968 surplus property, equipment, storage and tractors were sold; in an effort to consolidate. Meanwhile the accountant Mr A P Roux, was appointed acting manager and later as manager with Mr D C Shea as Secretary. In 1969 Mr Shea became acting manager and later manager. The existence of the co-operative lied in the balance when the Board on 2 July 1969, decided that members, on a special meeting; make a final choice. At that time there were fears that the Co-operative was not lawfully solvent. A unanimous decision on July 23, saved the Cooperative and a bank guarantee of R100 for each member took the Co-operative back on the road to financial recovery. The real action had apparently resulted in a greater spirit of co-operation because in 1976, the accumulated losses was wiped out and the shareholders’ interest shortage of R78 000 transformed into an asset of R551 000. After Mr Shea resigned as Manager, Mr L I Dreyer was appointed in his position from 22 May 1975. On May 1, 1979 Mr O C Nel took over as manager after Mr Dreyer retired. As serving Chairman came Mr Isaac Hirschowitz death on 23 May 1979, and disappeared a piece of Co-operative’s living history with him. He, from the founding until his death, continuously served as Chairman or Vice-Chairman. Mr Hennie Pieterse was the only member who has served continuously on the board. He was elected Chairman of the Board after Mr Hirschowitz’s death; Mr M L J Grobler was Vice-Chairman. Today the Transvaal Potato Co-operative has advanced on its way to the primary goal, namely orderly collective marketing, and negotiating on behalf potato farmers in the Transvaal. The Cooperative delivers other services such as sorting, packing, providing seed-potatoes, and the cultivating thereof, as well as herbicides and other related items to its 850 members. 89

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BETHAL Extracts from the development of business-enterprises after the Second Freedom War Because of war, economic progress was hampered in Bethal. Business Expansion was extremely slow. Building erected after the war, consisted mainly of wood and corrugated iron. The only business known that was active before the war, and after the war continued its operations until today, is the famous Kark Pharmacy of Mr Fryhoff Albertyn. This enterprise had already started doing business in 1890 under the name of Koedoe Pharmacy in Plein Street (now Eefees Street). Later the pharmacy moved to Market Street, next to the old Post Office (wher Edworks is). In 1918, Robert J Kark purchased the pharmacy. In 1935 Robert J Kark left Bethal and sold the pharmacy to his brother, Harry J Kark who immediately moved the pharmacy to the place it is situated currently. Harry Kark step down in 1975 and the pharmacy exchanged hands to its current owner, who put more effort to exhibits equipment and bottles of the last century, for public viewing. Financial institutions also appeared at Bethal and on 9 January 1903, the first branch of the National Bank of South Africa was opened. The pharmacy of R J Kark, where Edworks currently stands. The overgrown area next to the pharmacy hide the house of the former management of the National of SA –later Barclays Bank 90

Manager, Mr A Brugman in the middle back with bank personnel. Mr Brugman was also the victim of 1918 flu epidemic Later, in 1911, a branch was opened at On 14 April 1926 the plot on corner of Plein Kinross; which was served once per week. In 1912 £300 disappeared without any trace. The police were called, but the money was never recovered. and Market Street was purchased and a new bank building was erected, which opened on February 1, 1927. Circle with bank building 91

A Railway connection with Witwatersrand was an important happening in the economic development of Bethal. On 2 October 1905, the first passenger train from Johannesburg came to Bethal. This was an important milestone in the history of Bethal and several prominent persons were present at the event, including Mr and Mrs Fotheringham, Mr and Mrs Vermooten, Rev and Mrs Liebenberg and Mr Broers. The Railway line meant that regular delivery of mail a reality instead of relying on the conventional cart from Standerton. Coal, during the time, at the mines Vischkuil, occupied the largest percentage of goods transported. In 1913 the Chamber of Commerce was founded. The main and largest company at the time was the General Traders Company of Festenstein and Freed, at the corner of Church and Plein Streets, where Volks Furnishers and Potato Co-operation currently are. Across Festenstein and Freed, where East Auto Spares is today, was the shop of J Oleska and that of Broads Fradin General Traders, where Russels currently is. General Dealer of Schlosberg and Stazunsky’s enterprise was on the corner of Market and Clerq streets, where Bethal Delicatessen’s old building was taken down and a new one erected. Schlosberg and Stazunsky traded here for many years in the past The old store of Festenstein and Freed 92

Other businesses such as I and S Festenstein, tailor Biggelman, Stern the watchmaker, the butchery of Iza, Dike, blacksmith M C Weldon, Miss Katie Duke distributor of newspapers and magazines, also belongs to the past. In 1928 Bethal was seen as follows: Commercial Hotel (where Truworths is today) belonged to the Blumberg family. Selborn Hotel in Market Street 93

Plein Street which changed to Eufees street in 1938, with Seales’s cinema in the background – where Checkers is today The first Afrikaans’ business in format was Petzer en Seun (Petzer and son), which was established in 1922. First as harness and shoemakers and later as men’s outfitters and watchmakers. In 1931, the well-known firm of Steyn and Stander took over the hardware and implements section of Festenstein Freed. The establishment of OTK in 1923 and Voortrekkerwinkels in 1936, helped to secure a place for the Afrikaanse business on the trading platform. Since those events, trading in Bethal had continued to grow at a healthy rate. Besides the Chamber of Commerce, the Bethal Afrikaanse Sakekamer was established on 24 September 1954. The sakekamer has provided 25 years significant contributions to the progressive development and favourable image of Bethal and environment and is in many ways directional, particularly in recent times. Few key points from the history of Bethal Afrikaanse Sakekamer are highlighted here:  Attempt was launched to attract customers of Kriel and Secunda;  Establishment of Power Sources marathon;  Mr G J J van Schalkwyk, Mr Pieter Kruger and Mr Willie Venter, among others, had already served as Chief Executives of the Afrikaans Sakekamer ; The “Sit-sit-so” designed by the Business Forum and built for Fanus Rautenbach’s Flink Veria Festival.  The Direkteurskild (Director Shield) for Eastern Transvaal Region had already, for the past 11 years, won by the Bethalse Afrikaanse Sakekamer. 94

In commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the Bethal Afrikaanse Sakekamer Back, Messrs Pieter Buys and Koos Groenewald. Front, Mrs Malan and Dr Maartin van den Berg, president of the Handel Instituut Mr F F de W Stockenström of the Afrikaans Handelstituut handing the Direkteur skild (Director’s shield) to Mr C P Malan 95

The current economic activities in Bethal Eastern Highveld underwent a metamorphosis in the past decade. Factors responsible for this, was the creation of Sasol II and III, the construction of power stations and the further extensions of mining-activities in the area, as well as the construction of Richardsbay. Bethal was strongly influenced economically by this. Hopefully the boom was only the beginning of a long process. The employment division of the inhabitants reflect a clear picture of the current economic activities: The main employer in respect of Coloureds and Indians is the retail as well as the motor trade, where 61 % of them are employed. As far as white employment is concerned, the trade offices sector is the most important, with 27 % of white workers; then the trade and motor trade by 21 %. Only 10 % of Europeans are in the industrial sector. Of the total black workers were 22 % in the industrial sector, 15 % in extensive use and 13 % in trade and motor trade in services. Industries currently provide 17% of the total number of workers DEFINITION Owerheidskantore: Handelskantore: Kleurlinge: (The Central Business Area) Authority offices Nywerheid: Trading offices Handel en motorhandel: Trade & motor trade Huisbediendes: Domestic servants Coloureds Ander: Blankes: Swartes: Industry Ekstensiewe gebruike: Extensive uses Others Whites Blacks 96

jobs, suggesting that manufacturing plays a relatively important role in the economic structure of the town. This ratio is expected to be increase up to about 21 % by the end of the century. (Source: Master Plan). Market Street from east to west 97

Bethal : Trade (1975) TYPE OF BUSINESS Food Clothing Furniture Pharmacy Personal Services Departmental Stores Other Small Retails Extensive Trade TOTAL BETHAL: OFFICES Market Street from west to east TYPE OF BUSINESS Financial Professional Authority Other TOTAL NUMBER 10 9 14 9 42 (Source: Bethal Master Plan) Since the above survey, Bethal had grown still by leaps and bounds. In 1980 there were already five pharmacies and an emergency pharmacy and even a bank (Bank of OVS) was established. Economic revitalization of a town or region also places a huge burden on municipalities and institutions. Much effort was done on the part of the Council, to make building sites available to members of the public. We think for example of the latest opening, adjacent to the dam, Extension 5. Bethal is a pleasant town with many suburbs that brings to the householder the necessary opportunity to make a perfect home. NUMBER 45 29 10 3 12 3 40 1 143 Volkskas Bank building on the corner of Du Plooy and Eufees Streets 98

Barclays Bank Standard Bank 99

Bank of OVS The Trust Bank in Market Street 100

Homes in Bethal 101

A contemporary home in Bethal 102

The historical magistrate’s office (Current: NoMoya Masilela Museum) Future vision On the basis of the Master Plan that was prepared for Bethal, the factors that would stimulate future development of Bethal are reflected as follows: Bethal is considered the centre of a region that is currently set mainly on farming. The region produces 60 % of the Republic’s potatoes and is also known for its good maize and sunflower production. In addition, sheep and cattle farming are well established. Because of the agricultural production of the area, the OTK in Bethal is one of the largest cooperatives in the country and also the largest single employer in Bethal. Service at Bethal includes especially the provision of tertiary services to its service area and consequently plays the central area of the town, with its commercial and office functions an important role. From the above it can be concluded that the Bethal region up to this point in time, is focused on agricultural activities, and services that go with it. It is foreseen that this state of affairs will continue in the future because of the following reasons: SECUNDA III IIIIIIIII INTERACTION IIIIIIIIIIII 30KM BETHAL 103

BETHAL REGIONAL PLAN Coal fields Major roads Proposed Roads S. A. R. N 104

The establishment of Sasol II and the town of Secunda with a first phase projection population of 12,000 whites are barely 30km west of Bethal and the proposed highway no. P.148 / 3 will facilitate movement between the two towns. Interaction between Bethal and the new Secunda and Sasol II, can be expected. The coal reserves on south-east of Bethal is reserved by different mining groups, and this source of energy, as well as export potential, will likely play a role in the development of the industrial sector in the region in which Bethal and Secunda is situated. If one looks at the exports guide lines of the Witwatersrand, there is a clearly noticeable movement - strong developments to Richardsbay, in Natal. The development possibilities along this axis, compares favourably with other alternatives in the Transvaal, outside the *PWV region. The fact that the main railway line from Witwatersrand to Maputo and Richardsbay goes through Bethal, hold distinct advantages for development in the Bethal-region. The production of gas as a by-product of Sasol II can be a basis of certain industrial development seeing that gas can easily be made available through pipes to Bethal at a reasonable cost for use in industry. The supply of water from a new dam on the Vaal River near Standerton holds definite benefits for the region of Bethal. A pipeline is planned from the dam to Secunda and Sasol II and if necessary, it can easily be extended to provide Bethal’s needs. In the light of Bethal, in respect of the surrounding towns, especially centrally situated, the town can be developed to a central regional centre. *PWV: Pretoria Witwatersrand and Vereeniging 105

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS Magisterial district and offices State departments form an integral part of the development of Bethal as a town. As earlier mentioned, Bethal was completely destroyed during the Second Freedom War. After the war, the task of reconstruction was undertaken, and soon Bethal was full of life again. In the spirit of the new era, writes N B Bangly, who was appointed as Assistant Magistrate in Bethal, as follows to the District Engineer in Standerton: “Sir, I have inspected the building which was Cllr Mr J du Toit (former mayor), Hon P C Pelser and Mr S N M Blanché (chief magistrate) during the opening of new Magistrate’s Office at Bethal On August 1, 1908 Bethal was proclaimed as Magisterial District and David J Kriel assumed the position of first Resident Magistrate. The need for a new magistrate building at Bethal was still growing and on 11 November 1970, the new building was officially opened by the then Minister of Justice, Hon. P C Pelser. the Court house of the late Government and it seems to me that it could easily be put into a state of habital repair: the walls are standing and appear to be in good order. At present we use a tent for an office,” and on 14 January 1903, he reported: “The Court was duly opened just before Christmas and as yet there have been but few cases, and those only of minor importance. There seems to be but little crime in the district. At present the work of the Court and of the officers is conducted in marquees, and the officials and nearly all the inhabitants are living in tents.” 106

The magistrate office as it looks today The Post Office With the opening of railway to Bethal, the foundation was also laid for regular mail delivery to this town. The old post office, as shown on the photo below, was set up after the war and later was replaced with the new site. The same site along Kark Pharmacy is still in use. The old Post Office with Kark Pharmacy left on the photo 107

The post office, as it now stands Police This is an indispensable state department as the maintenance of law and order in every community. Bethal is no exception, and as early as before the Second Freedom War there was pursuit of law and order in Bethal. After the war the development of the department continued to advance. The current police and well-organized police force is a fine example. The old police camp The Hospital The need for a hospital was brought to the The then Police Office attention of the Town Council as early as 12 July 1917, by SA Women Federation. In an application to the Council was requested the support for the establishment of a town hospital and a maternity home. During January 1926 the Town Council donated two hectares of land for the construction of a hospital. The two hectares, located on the corner of Wicht and Clerk Streets, still houses the present hospital. The new hospital was officially launched on May 14, 1943 by the Administrator General J J Pienaar. The chairman of the hospital board during the event was Mr. Nimrod Smith and the matron Mrs H Louw. The construction costs amounted to more than £26,000 (R52, 000). 108

General G J Joubert during the opening of the new Police Station The Hospital at Bethal 109

ARTISTS Johan van Heerden Arts Awards (courtesy of Afrox) 110

Despite Bethal being situated in the wellIt is indeed a privilege enjoyed at Bethal to known, scenic Eastern Transvaal, the town cannot yet boast breath-taking scenery as other towns in the regions. Indeed, were it not for the ornamental trees planted on the farms in previous years, this section would have strongly reminded of Free State. Yet this otherwise monotonous landscape and uninteresting; produced great spirits, both of mind and art. Would it be simply a coincidence that Bethal during its Centenary celebrations can pay tribute to five artists who not only locally but also acquired overseas celebrity? Is it a coincidence that three of the five sculptors grew up in Bethal? Bethal today boasts five well-known and successful artists earning honourable mention in this commemorative album. Coert Steynberg The best proof of the success achieved by Coert Lourens Stenberg is the fact that he needed no introduction. This humble and nice “Uncle Coert”, amongst others, received an honorary medal of the Academy of Science and Arts; a medal from the Queen of England, as well as an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria. Bethal is sincerely proud that Coert Steynberg had spent his youth in Bethal. Coert Steynberg is best known for his numerous portraits of national figures. Hand in hand with this, are the decoration of public buildings and the design of monuments. Under his chest of portraits count that of Sir Arnold Theiler, Louw Wepener and Jan F E Cilliers. Other famous statues are that of General Lous Botha and General Christiaan de Wet. Apart from the many tasks he performed, he has completed a large number of sculptures and representations in more impressionist and modern styles. The rich varieties of sculptures were created in many kinds of materials: bronze, granite, marble, sandstone, wood, glass and other metals. In his later works he brought movement. Here one can think of Mabalel-series. It all began on the side of Blesbokspruit, where the first B*** (Khoisan) figurine was made from clay when Coert Steynberg was not yet ten years old! The familiar image in front of OTK head office, as well as the one of Colonel Imker Hoogenhout in front of P F Kruger-Hall was also shaped by the hand of Coert Steynberg. With the opening of Volkskas, Coert Steynberg’s work was brought, in more abstract form. 111 Coert Steybert show these set of artworks.

Frank Rosen Nel Erasmus Nel Erasmus, born in Bethal and a former student of Hoogenhout High School, is another artist from this Bethal earth. Her formative years as a solo artist, was spent Dr Coert Steynberg (links), Mr P Kruger and the Volkskas official in Paris when the city was still the centre of world art. She was strongly influenced here. Nel Erasmus spent 21 years at the Art Museum of Johannesburg, the last eight as a curator. In 1975 however, she stepped down and is currently a full-time artist. Her works have mainly the human body, especially that of the woman as a theme. It also has a big change from her earlier works to that which was completed after the intervention of her retirement. The body is now outlined dimming, colours are more subtle and significant, and the work also contains more symbolism. Different interpretations can be attached to her works, depending on the person’s look and view of life. Her art is a depiction of life experience with strong emphasis on the interaction between mind and body and with a fine handling of poetic colours. 112

Frank Rosen Born in Bethal 1918, Frank Rosen is an Englishtrained artist, having studied at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London, where he lives and works. He has travelled extensively and exhibitions of his paintings have been held in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and the USA. One-man exhibitions of his works have been held in London, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Johannesburg and Los Angeles, where a retrospective exhibition covering 35 years of his art career was held at the California Museum of Science and Industry. His paintings have been exhibited in national and group shows at: Biennale, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Grand Prix International Bosio, Monte Carlo; Kunstzaal Plaats, The Hague, Holland; City Museum, Amsterdam, Royal Academy, London; Paris Salon, France; Arts Association, Munich; and throughout Yugoslavia. And at the following private art galleries: L’ Obelisco Gallery, Rome; Reid Gallery, London; Leicester Gallery, London; and Grosvenor Gallery, London. His works are in the possession of collectors throughout the world. Johan van Heerden Johan van Heerden Johan van Heerden was born in 1930 in the Bethal District, but during the time that he should start schooling, his parents moved to Free State. At age 16 he went to Bloemfontein where he studied engineering at the Technical College. One day he glanced at an art class, so he started a part-time class in the field. He later worked as a photographer at the same time as a commercial artist. He coloured among others, photos in order to raise money to go to Paris for further studies. In June 1952, he travelled with his meagre savings money to Paris, where he studied first at the Académic dela Chaumére, then at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Later he learned that Ossip Zadkine at the former institution lectures and he returned there to study under the great master. Initially, Van Heerden did painting and drawing in Paris and later etching and sculpture under Zadkine. In 1955 he returned to South Africa, but realised that public here did not understand his abstract work. He worked as a bartender to keep alive. Later however, his work came into recognition. Because his sculpture did not sell as desired, he began in the same materials – stone and metal – jewellery design. With this, he was very successful. Today he lives in a house he designed himself, and which he continues to build. It stands high above the Crocodile River at Broederstroom where he is engaging in full-time sculpture. He was especially known for his monumental works in yellow and red brass and stainless steel. He also works in stone and wood. The renowned sculpture that is handed to Nel Erasmus 113 winners of the SABC Arts competition was designed by him, and every year it is casted for this event, by him.

Neels Coetzee Neels Coetzee was born in Bethal. He completed his high school education in Hoogenhout High School. Afterwards he studied at the University of Natal, where he started having interest in sculpture. In 1963 he travelled to England where he studied at the Honsey College of Art. Then he went to Antwerp. His final studies took him back to London’s Royal College of Art. On his return in 1967 to South Africa he gave education to different Technical Colleges. Currently he is a full-time lecturer in the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Witwatersrand. Coetzee has already undertaken a study tour to America. In 1980 he left in command of the HSRC to New York. Neels Coetzee won the prestigious annual Afrox “Metal Art” National Sculpture Competition in 1977; a year after the prize was won by Johan van Heerden. As guest artist, his sculptures are displayed on Afrox “Metal Art” exhibition annually, since then. 114

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Although Indian traders were operating in Bethal as early as 1885, it is no longer their descendants who are trading here today. Members of the present Indian Community of Bethal are mainly the descendants of families who settled here shortly after the turn of the century. Most of the Indian businesses are family concerns, handed down from generation to generation and therefore this short historical survey is written mainly on a family basis. Bombay House more or less 1930 The Chainee family Chainee Veerasamy was born in India in 1877 and arrived in South Africa in 1899. He served the compulsory period on the sugar plantations, and then settled in Brakpan, and in 1913 he and his family moved to Bethal. Here he established a laundry business which still exists. Mr Chainee became the first Indian to own property in Bethal, before 1920. In these early years, Indian children had to attend the Blacks school. Because of problems this situation posed, Mr Chainee offered a room on his premises to serve as the first Indian school in Bethal. 116

The Coovadia family Mr Dawood Ahmed, born in Ghala, western India, settled in Bethal at the beginning of World War 1. Later he was joined by his brother and together they established what was later known as The Bombay House. The business was later extended to become a garage, selling cars. This concern was later converted to Bombay Furnishers. At this time Mr Moosa Dawood Coovadia was the sole proprietor of the latter. In 1960 Bombay Wholesalers was added to his enterprises. Mr Coovadia passed away on Decembe 12, 1978. On the subject of community affairs, sports, welfare and cultural activities, Mr Coovadia was a very active man. Mr Coovadia was president of the Bethal Muslim Community until his death. He also became the first person to be nominated to serve on the South African Indian Council. M D Coovadia Mr A Jassat The Jassat family Mr Ebrahim Jassat and his family came to Bethal from Ermelo in 1905. Presently Bargain House is still owned by this family. At the age of 76 Ahmed Jassat has the honour of being the oldest living Indian pioneer in Bethal. 117

Roop and Makan families In the year 1913 two cousins, Mr Makan Moror and Mr Roop Naran came to Bethal, where they formed a company. Through the years they expanded their business interests. Bethalia Distributors Mr Naran Bhana (“Oom Piet”) on the right with his eldest son, an advocate Two brothers, Sana and Bhana Lala came to Bethal shortly after the turn of the century, operating as fruit hawkers. In 1920 they opened a fruit shop. Later they also established another business. Today Sana Lala and Co. is managed by Mr Naran Bhana, eldest son of Bhana Lala. He is better known as “Oom Piet”. Mr Naran Bhana is presently chairman of the Indian Hindu Community. His eldest son was the first Indian to qualify as a lawyer in the Eastern Transvaal. His second son is a medical practitioner in Bethal. 118

The Pahad family Mr Dawood Pahad came to Bethal in 1909 and In 1930 the old corrugated iron shop was bought the White House business. Later he acquired a second business. Upon his death his son, Mr M D Pahad took over. demolished and a new shop erected. The family later acquired three more shops, but sold them in 1970 to the Baiyat family from Springs. White house Ramakrishna Children’s Club The Bethal Hindu Community The Hindu Community of Bethal consists of two ethnic groups, the Gujerati, from western India and the Tamil from southern India. They speak different languages which even have different alphabets; however they are linked by their religion, Hinduism. This Hindu Community has well-organised societies, such as the Navyug Mandal – Men’s League, Mahila Mandal – Women’s League and Navyug League – a cultural and sports organisation for boys. 119 Ramakrishna Children’s Club gives training in religion and offers cultural activities, while Bhajan Mandal, a religious society, concentrates on hymns and religions songs. Gujerati Shala (school): As Gujerati is the mother tongue of the majority of Hindus here, education for their children is in this language. At present the Bethal Hindu community is engaged in raising funds for a Community Centre.

Sports The first Indian cook at the Selbourne Hotel was also responsible for the first Indian football club, the Blue-bells. In 1940 a sporting club was founded catering football, tennis and cricket. The brothers Jack and Harry Lewis were the patrons, allowing a section of their property, behind the Printing Works, to be used as a tennis court for the next 30 years. However, since 1967 there has been a decline in the sporting activities, but since new facilities will become available at Milan Park; the club is looking forward to a bright sporting future. Old Indian school Indian Education The early pioneers never had an opportunity to attend a school since there was none. Later as previously mentioned, pupils attended the Bantu School but until in 1929 Mr C Veerasamy offered the room in his building. The Principal and only teacher was Mr E H Johnstone. In 1941 a new school was started on the vacated premises of the Bethal Laundry. Two class rooms were hired by the Education Department. In 1975 a new school building was erected in Milan Park, called the M D Coovadia Primary School. It was opened by Mr J N Reddy. New Indian School 120

The old mosque Bethal Muslim Jammat Muslims are proud to celebrate this important anniversary in the history of Bethal, since their origins go back to the days of the Anglo-Boer War. The first traders arrived by horse coach and they started off as hawkers, namely Messrs Ismail Cajee, Loonat and Boorany were opened. Mr I D Coovadia became the elected chairman of the entire Bethal Indian community. He was a charismatic and wise man, respected by both Black and White. The Muslim community contributed to many charities, performed social work amongst the needy and set sporting bodies in motion. A considerable amount of money was spent to make weekly sports matches possible. Bethal later became the centre for Indian sport in the Eastern Transvaal. The new Mosque The doyen amongst the elders is Mr A E Jasssat, who recalls how he motored to the then Lourenco Marques in 1928 in his new car to receive the new religious teacher of the community who arrived by ship from India. Since then there has always been a religious teacher to cater to the spiritual needs of the Muslims in Bethal. The present community consists of more than 200 members, a beautifully designed new Mosque in Milan Park with a community hall and school facilities, totalling more than R150 000 The Muslims in Bethal have proved themselves to be community and socially conscious, self-supporting, diligent and worthy of belonging to the society of the town. 121

The new Milan Park Shopping Centre 122

The African Neighbourhood Officially adoption of the Administrative offices for the Non-Whites Affairs Department on 15 April 1970 The Black residential area had been since 1915 under the control of the Town Council. In 1974 it was taken over by the Administration Board of the Highveld region. Later the Administrative complex was used. Initially the Black neighbourhood, with its 15 000 inhabitants, was managed by the Administration Board in collaboration with an Advisory Board. But in September 1978, a new era ushered in by the establishment of an elected Community Council. With P Masango as chairman, in collaboration with the Administration Board; several projects were launched, including the construction of a sports stadium. 123

Two residential houses in Black Neighbourhood 124

Mzinoni Secondary School Vukanini Higher Primary School 125

Significantly, 75 % of the 1 430 houses were built by the owners themselves. The remaining 25 % were set up by the Municipality, with funds made available through Community Development Department. The Administration Board envisages the establishment of more houses. A Home for single men (hostel) already exists. In the Mzinoni Secondary School, Vukanini Higher Primary School, Imbekezelo Lower Primary School and Thandanani Lower Primary School more than 4 000 Black children are taught. The sports stadium being constructed currently will be made up of soccer field, tennis, athletic and netball courses. Entertainment such as film screenings and concerts take place regularly in the Joseph Ntlane Community Hall. Various businesses such as general stores, butchers, and a bus service and car rental are also operating here. Through the clinics and facilities of Bethal Hospital, the health needs of the community is met, sixteen churches look after the spiritual needs of the community. The Joseph Ntlane Community Hall (current: Raymond Mavuso Hall) 126

Extracts from Bethal history The move to British East Africa – 1908 With the memories of the Anglo - Boer War and the destruction and damage of the war still fresh in the memory, a large group of people in Bethal and environment ready, themselves to migrate further north. The British authority, which now was once again valid, and the building that was destroyed by the war, was largely responsible for the migration. Already in 1905, a group of people left, led by Uncle Martiens Engelbrecht, per a wagon to Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) from where they departed to Beira. Here, they picked a boat to Dar es Salaam, from where it took them nine months to get to Arusha, about 500 km north-east of Dar es Salaam. Later they joined the Van Rensburg group at Eldoret. The large group of Voortrekkers (migrants) led by Uncle Jan Van Rensburg and with arrangements by magistrate Bangley, a son-in-law of Van Rensburg, left Bethal in 1908. This company comprised over 50 families with about 200 members and nearly 400 ox-wagons full of provisions. They went to Lourenco Marques (today Maputo). From there they rented a boat and sail along the East African coast to Mombassa, where the company travelled by train over Nairobi to Nakuru and progress to Londiani. From Londiani they travelled to “Posts 54” (the old name of Eldoret), about 100 km. Eldoret is situated on “Uasin Gishu”– the so called “Highlands of Kenya”. Initially they built bamboo houses which were later replaced by stone houses. The houses were built by Jochemus Engelbrecht and Jan Fourie. 127

Annatjie Engelbrecht (later known as Mrs Smit) sits here with her husband on a step of a twenties Chevy. The travel to East Africa – the unknown part of Bethal history – was transferred to us by Mrs Smit, who on her turn received it from her mother On the hunting grounds of British East-Africa (Kenya) 128

After three months the South Africans saw the first black people, from whom a cow and a calf were bought for 30 rupees. In 1912 Jochemus Engelbrecht, his wife, daughter and two sons returned back to South Africa. On the way back Jockemus Engelbrecht became victim of malaria and died shortly after the arrival to Bethal. Shortly after this, his widower with three children left, accompanied by her father, Mr du Plessis; to Kenya. The Afrikaners lived for many years on highlands, where they learn-read out of the Bible, doing so; they preserve the Afrikaans. At that time, Annatjie Engelbrecht acquired skill to become teacher. She started teaching at Eldoret (for 34 years) before in May 1963, with the Mau Mau threats and other problems, she finally returned to South Africa. They exchanged most of their possessions with valueless objects and returned with very little here. Thus end yet another Afrikaner’s history. For interest’s sake, the following list of people who went to the Uasin Dishu in 1908 is placed here. The list was compiled by one, Piet Jordaan who also experienced the trek, and who was provided to the editors by Mrs Smit (the lady on the picture). The number in each group is indicated in parentheses. Jan van Rensburg (senior) with his sons-in-law Piet Steenkamp; Koos Smith and Faan Smith (23), Izak Smit, his son Jaap Smit and Son-in-law Elbert Steyn (15), Freek van Niekerk, Swart Hans Roets and Vaal Hans Roets cousins (22), Nicolaas Smith (2), Jan van Rensburg (Jan Duim – so known because he lost an inch in one of his hand) (4); the latter was actually not family to the leader of the group, Old Jan van Rensburg. Zagarius Enslin, his son M Enslin, Dick Wheeler and son-in-law and Piet van Rensburg, a brother-in-law (24); Piet and Koos van Dyk (5). One Gleman – the only English speaking in the group – had mainly acted as interpreter document completer. He was a sort of secretary to the group. Jaap Steyn (7) had later returned. Koos Prinsloo (12), George Emslie (8), Jurie Potgieter (6), Abel Erasmus (Snr) and his son (6), Tom Steenkamp, a brother of Piet Steenkamp (4), Piet Joubert (4), Tom and Jim Davies(15), Jan Mouton (5), Piet Jordaan (3). Hermanus Engelbrecht, father of Jochemus Engelbrecht and Uncle Jan Fourie (13). Annatjie Engelbrecht (later Smit) was also a member of the group. Gert van Vuuren and his son Stephaans (6), Danie Roux (3). Hans Nel (4), Piet du Plooy (5) returned back. Jan Nel (6) returned back, Andries Nel (4) returned back; Piet Botes (1), Christiaan Joubert (3), Koos Engelbrecht, known as uncle Oenan (7); Hendrik v.d. Merwe (6). Piet Potgieter (7) ; Ander Korf (2) and Rooi Piet Kruger (1). The named persons had left with one wagon, while A Erasmus and the Nels left with two wagons. After the destruction of the second Boer War, agriculture once again gained momentum, as evidenced by agricultural exhibitions that had taken place in Bethal on 1909. In 1914 the Government of General Louis Botha assisted Britain in a war against Germany 129 Mr J H B de Klerk, also known as Uncle Koos, of Bethal who did service in the Ermelo Commando, during 1914. The Certificate on the following page was issued to him for services delivered Admission card of the year 1909 during the First World War, by conquering South West Africa from the Germans. Individuals of Bethal who, during the 1914 South West Africa, did campaign services

Debating Society Underneath photo with description was published in the 1914 issue of the Sentinel publication. Similar debates societies appear in different wards of Bethal. Vischkuil Debate Society 130

Commandant H S Grobler During November 1929 Bethal granted honour to Commandant Grobler during his seventieth birthday, for his outstanding contribution to the community of Bethal. Commandant Grobler settled in the area of Bethal in about 1875. Of the years he says that the hills teemed with blue wildebeest, ostrich, flamingo in the swamps, and even lions were found here, he said. He was veldkornet* and later commander of the Bethal Commando. He represented Bethal during the peace conference at Vereeniging in 1902. Furthermore, he was Provincial Councillor and Member of Parliament for Bethal, Transvaal and after 1910, of the Union. Back then he said: "All that I could give for my people I have given.” The following excerpt is from the “Logbook” of the High School: The first aeroplane in Bethal As far as can be determined, the first aeroplane to land at Bethal happened on January 28, 1920. A speech delivered before the Magistrates Office 31 May 1928 - Commissioning of National Flag The local newspaper “De Echo” reported about this as follows: Interest in speech at Magistrate’s Office Bethal Honour the National Flag ``Men, women and children on Union day gathered in front of the Magistrate Court, for the first time in South African history to see the hoisting of the National Flag; to salute and honour it.” The Flag Committee had a program specially drawn up for the day, and Rev. Liebenberg opened the celebrations with a prayer and after that, the meeting [attendees] and school children sang together Psalm 146. Mr Theo Jooste had then hoisted the flag … a hooting and a volley salute shots fired by the local cadets. 131

The Symbolic Ox-wagon Trek – 1938 132

During the 1938 ox-wagon trek with Bethal in the background Mr D J van S Eramus (Uncle Straatjie – on the photo below). With the clothes that he wore during the return back to Bethal. 133

Van Riebeeck Festival: 19-21 January 1952 at Bethal The 300 - year anniversary of the settlement is celebrated on a brilliant way, with a stagecoach festival that was part of a nationwide celebration. The tracks of the ox-wagons during the Ox-wagon Trek of 1938 immortalised on cement Part of the stagecoach/mail-coach 19 JANUARY 1952 12.00 pm.: 1.00 pm.: 1.15 pm.: 1.30 pm.: 1.45 pm.: 3.15 pm.: 4.15 pm.: 6.00 pm.: 7.30 pm.: 8.15 pm.: 8.30 pm.: 9.15 pm.: 9.30 pm.: Horse commando meets stagecoach at Railway crossing. Short welcome by Commandant W H S Barnard. Stagecoach/Mail-coach comes on the festival. (While the carriage and procession enters the site, the festival attendees sang the “Transvaal National Anthem”). together singing Psalm 146:1. Scripture reading and Prayer Welcoming by Pause Pause. 4.30 pm.: Rev P J J Delport. Rev G O Meij. (meals and other refreshments served). Main Festival Speech delivered by Mr J E Reeler, Chairman of Union Stagecoach Arrangement Committee. Farmers and horse sports. Braai meat and Folks games. (As a demonstration group, local acts “know each other” Folks Games and Song Camp). Torchlight procession departure from the old Church Square. (Under the direction of the Voortrekker movement). Torchlight procession came on to the festival site. (While the feast zeal is lit with burning torches, festival attendees singing “The song of Young South Africa”). Dictaphone recording Broadcast of conversations over joyfulness years of Bethal and district by the oldest inhabitants. Fireworks. Singing together of “Die Stem”. Closing. 20 JANUARY 1952. 10.00 pm.: 21 JANURAY 1952. 5.30 pm.: 6.30 pm.: Collective worship in the N. H. or G. Church Building. Short religious service by Rev P. W. A. Bierman. Stagecoach/Mail-coach departed under cover of a Horse Commando. 134

Mail Coach Coach and horse commando under the Commandant Danie Taljaard in the welcoming arch in Wicht Street 135

The visit of national leaders in Bethal As far as it is known, all the Republic’s Prime Ministers, except Dr H F Verwoerd, had visited Bethal during one or another occasion. During 1961 birth year of Republic, Bethal had sworn to receive the first State President, Mr C R Swart. Old State President C R Swart inspects cadets of Hoogenhout High School, accompanied by captain B J de Lange 136

Local politics The above photo was taken during Minister Chris Heunis visit at Bethal. F.l.t.r. Minister Heunis; Mr P C Malan, current MPA; Greyling, L V and currently Deputy Minister of Cooperation and Development; Mr. Hoffman A previous MPA Mr Theunie Kruger, writer and nurseryperson. Mr Theunie Kruger, known nurseryperson, has achieved a special performance with his book "Bome, Struike en Rankplante" (“Trees, Shrubs and Climbers”). He is not a trained botanist, yet his book is used by university students and professional gardeners. Prof Van der Schyff, from the Faculty of General Botany, University of Pretoria; describes the book as the most authoritative and comprehensive in the Afrikaans language. In fact, Mr. Kruger's book was awarded by the South African Rapportryerskorps, as the most outstanding natural science work on a fiveyear period. 137

Mr Theunie Kruger’s book: Bome, Struike, en Rankplante (Trees, Shrubs and Climbers), along a copy of Rapportryerskorps of South Africa’s emblem award for his book handed to him. We – honour – Heroes Committee In Memorial The community of Bethal also bring through the album tribute to those who sacrificed their lives for our country during military service. We think with regret to Brig Johan Potgieter, Deon Marais, Leon Grobler and Hannes du Toit. Mrs H C Malan of Nooitgedacht, Kriel: “soul and strength, We – Honour – Heroes Committee which traced all the graves of Bethal Commando citizens and built them up.” 138

Recognition is given to the following individuals and organizations for their cooperation:  Photo material: J F Meyer-Studio of Bethal, which provided the largest number of photos. D J Swanepoel, Bos Davel, Gerhard Lourens, Mrs Anna Meerkotter (Louw) and photographers could not be identified.  Other institutions: S.A.R. and H. Museum, Johannesburg. Barclays Bank Museum Transvaal Archive Cape Archive Transvaal Education Museum, Pretoria National Library, Pretoria. Deeds Office of the Surveyor-general Afrox Public Relations Highveld Administration Board  Any other organisation or person who has not already listed. Sources consulted 1. Ackerman, W H: Opsaal. 2. Deeds Office, Pretoria. 3. Bethal Master Plan, 1978, Viljoen, Van Zyl, Gunning and Stead. 4. Bethal School Board, minutes, 1906-1947. 5. Brandwag 1914. 6. Mayors Reports, Bethal Municipality 1960-1980. 7. Diary of Dirk Daniël du Plooij 4/12/190124/10/1902. 8. Residents ‘documents used/borrowed by editorial team. 9. Roll of honour, 1899-1902. Citizens Memorial, Platrand, Ladysmith. Published by the Junior Rapportryerskorpse of Natal region. 10. Reformed Church, Bethal; memorial page. 11. Government Gazette Nr 213, Volume IV, 12 October 1880. 12. Hobhouse, Emily: War without Glamour. 13. Cape Archive – reproduction of photos. 14. Kabel van Diens, O.T.K. 1923-1973. 15. Magistrate District Record Book – Bethal Magistrate’s Offices. 16. Log Book, Bethal Government School 1907-1927. 17. Log Book, Bethal Higher School and Hoogenhout High School 1918-1945. 18. Dutch Reformed Church Bethal, Memorial Page 1890-1965. 19. Dutch Reformed Church Bethal, Memorial Page 1918-1968. 20. S. A. R. Museum Johannesburg. 21. National Library – De Echo 1920-1945. 22. Swart J N: Onze Krijgs-Officieren. 23. T. E. D. Service: 100 years, Bethal Schools. 24. T. E. D. Centenary Publication 1876-1976. 25. T. E. D. Pretoria Museum. 26. Transvaal Archive, Pretoria: Section Bethal. List of Pictures, Maps, Documents and Illustrations The State President, hon. Marais Viljoen. 139 D S v d Merwe Brink, Acting Administrator Mayor Councillor P Kruger The Editorial Committee Map of Transvaal P J Naude and his wife Alida C M du Plooij and his wife Elizabeth Map Bethal 1880 Map plot 196 Title deed 367/1879 Preamble of petition Signatures on the petition Proclamation Memorial service Unveiling of tombstone at graveyard Funeral notice J C du Plooij Commandant J P la G Lombard House on plot 105 D J Erasmus Acting State President E C du Plooij and children Certificate of service J M Naude Johanna Naude and pupils A J Louw Rev and Mrs Theunissen Dr Ph S Snyman First Church building – Reformed Church Commandant H S Grobler Commandant P J Greyling Commandant D J J Breytenbach Commandant H S Grobler Appointment of H S Grobler as Veldkornet H P Hancke Gedenknaald K***stad Ruins Yzervarkfontein Uncle Danie Erasmus Rebuilt house Yzerfontein Ruins of churches in Bethal 1901 Where the cannons stood Graves of van Louw and D J Erasmus Colonel Benson Veldkornet Koos de Villiers Uncle Klasie Glober Beson’s grave Open letter – General Louis Botha Obelisk on the square Unveiling by Mr B J Vorster Uncle Cor Taljaard Rev J P Liebenberg Train ticket – 1902 Commandant H S Grobler Map of Bermuda Island Prisoners of war Municipal offices Bethal Municipal Council +/-1906 Population growth – Chart Bethal – 1936 Bethal – 1980 Aerial photo of the forties Bethal form giving elements Wind-rose (diagram of winds) Old dam of the town 1927 Water scarcity Municipality 1947 Bethal CBD 2 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 18 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 26 27 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 36 37 37 38 39 40 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 49

Council’s picture 1924 Tennis facilities Leisure Complex town dam Jukskei New Library Town Council picture 1927 Town Council picture 1935 Town Council and officials 1972/73 Town Council and officials 1980/81 School Certificate Eoudia – Two Louw daughters P I Hoogenhout Euodia – dinner table Rugby team 1914 C P de L Malan Extracts from Log Book The residence Matric class 1918 Hoogenhout High School Rugby team – 1917 Our Future Court of love (Liebenhof) Rugby team 1923 Athletic team Boxing Old Heads Old primary school building Palmoord residence Mrs Marietjie van Niekerk Mr G I van der Westhuizen Mr G P Bothama Uncle Jim van Toder First personnel Jim van Tonder School Spuitfontein and memorial Mr Clemons head [principal] Vrischgewaagd De Krans – school and home De Krans School – 1914 Topfontein School Welstand No 34 Sukkelaar School – 1922 Late Miss Malan Nursery schools in Bethal N G Church on the square Rev and Mrs Liebenberg N G Mother Church N G Bethal East N G Bethal North Reformed Church Rev J J Prinsloo Reformed Church – new Jewish Synagogue Reformed Church – old A G S Church Full Evangelical Church Anglican Church Image in front of OTK Old grain silo Old Head Office of OTK Threshing time in the old days New grain silo Mr D J C Malan Mr Nolie Smith Voortrekkers stores started here Voortrekkers stores Mr Isaac Hirschowitz Mr Hennie Pieterse 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 88 Kark Pharmacy National Bank of South Africa The old shop of Festenstein and Freed Schlosberg and Stazunsky traded here Commercial Hotel Selborne Hotel Plein Street The “Sit-sit-so” Mr F F de W Stockenstrӧm The Afikaans Business Forum – 25 years old CBD CBD CBD Volkskas Barclays Bank Standard Bank Bank OVS Trust Bank Homes in Bethal Nestlé Old Magistrate Office Bethal regional plan Opening of Magistrate Office New Magistrate’s Office Old Post Office New Post Office Previous Police Office Old Police Camp Opening of new Police Station Hospital Artists creation Dr Coet Steynberg Volkskas Frank Rosen Nel Erasmus Johan van Heerden Neels Coetzee Milan Park Bombay House Mr M D Coovadia Mr A Jassat Bethalia Wholesalers Mr Naran Bhana White House Ramakrishna Children’s Club Old Indian School New Indian School Old Mosque New Mosque Milan Park Commissioning of Administrative Offices Homes in Black Neighbourhood Schools in Black Neighbourhood Joseph Ntlane Community Hall The move to British East Africa Bethal Agricultural Society ticket South-West Africa campaign 1914 Mr J H B de Klerk Vischkuil Debating Society Union day 1928 Program ox-wagon trek et al Van Riebeeck feast State President C R Swart Politics of Bethal Mr Theunie Kruger Rapportryers Award Mrs H C Malan 90 91 92 92 93 93 84 94 95 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101-102 102 103 104 106 107 107 108 108 108 109 109 110 111 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 117 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 121 122 123 124 125 126 127-128 129 129 129 130 131 132-134 135 136 137 137 138 138 140

(Hard back binding)

1 Publizr

Index

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