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22 ACADEMIC PROGRAM Historical foundations and their relevance today The historical foundations of competition law are essential to understand the current legal framework. The workshop will present the main aspects of the evolution of competition law in the EU since its origins. The workshop will also consider the goals of competition law and the methods applied by public authorities to pursue these goals, as applied in the last century and today. Moreover, the main theories that support Competition Law & Economics will be discussed from a historical perspective. Substantive law: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU These two advanced courses aim at analysing the application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU in light of the latest case law and decisions from European and National Competition Authorities. Departing from the general description of the functioning of competition rules, this course focuses on complex legal, economic and practical issues encountered in the application of these rules. Summer school participants will discuss the relevant case law and decisions during the course also confronting their knowledge and perception of specific problems. Competition economics The aim of this advanced course is to provide the participants with a practical understanding of how economics is used in antitrust law assessments. The course will look into the modern usage of economic tools for the enforcement of competition rules and will encourage active participation in order to foster the creation of an interactive environment. Public Antitrust enforcement The aim of this advanced course is to analyse the dynamic of public enforcement in the European Union. Moreover, it will focus on specific procedural problems that arise in practice, adopting a practical approach. The Commission is charged with the enforcement of EU competition law and, since the entry into force of Regulation 1/2003, also National Competition Authorities are empowered to enforce the same competition rules. The course will also take into consideration the policy background that characterises the EU of competition law enforcement system.