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will likely to sustain the current number of jobs – due to on-going and likely to be continuing research needs. Table 3.4summarises the distribution of employment for the key sectors in which there are marine biotechnology applications, which includes industrial biotechnology38 as well as other sectors such as cosmetics, aquaculture or pharmaceuticals. At this stage we have no information on the proportion of Blue Biotechnology stakeholders that would concentrate on one or the other industries and it is also a likely scenario that Blue Biotechnology stakeholders would be supplying research, innovation and/or practical product development to more than one of the related sectors. Table 3.4 Employment in biotechnology related sector Sectors Biotechnology39 Pharmaceutical industry40 Cosmetics41 Aquaculture42 Number of employees 54,750 R&D employees NA 700,000 1,500,000 66,905 116,000 25,000 NA In addition to the number of employees, the gender distribution of labour force has been estimated using data and figures from Eurostat. Using European data on employment in high-tech sectors for 2012 this shows that 40.8% of all employees are women43. Additionally, a 2013 publication from Eurostat44 on research, technology and innovation shows that women comprised 32.9% of researchers. It is estimated that the sector of Blue Biotechnology would have similar ranges of gender distribution meaning women are presumed to make up 32-40% of employees. Employment by age group in science, technology and innovation in the EU27 was as follows, in 2011; the 45–64 years old demographic accounted for the largest share (39%), while the other age groups (25–34 and 35–44 years) each accounted for about 30%. With regards to the education levels in the science and technology sectors in the EU a total of more than 98 million highly qualified knowledge workers were registered in 2011. Almost half of them (42 million people, 42%) were considered highly qualified by both knowledge and education and 73 million (74%) were considered as highly qualified based on education45. Unfortunately, no similar statistics were found for the European Biotechnology sector but it is assumed that numbers would be correspondingly similar. Using the available information on the EUs bioeconomy sector that values the sector at EUR 2 trillion and identifies the sector as supporting 22 million jobs, then a simple estimate is that each job in the biotechnology sector is worth some EUR 91 000. Beyond these broad-brush estimates, a UKspecific study, in 2005-6 suggested that the UK derived some GBP 46 billion (EUR 55.7 billion) from marine related activities which provided 890 000 jobs at a relative value of GBP 51 685 per job or approximately EUR 62 50046. However, only 1% of these marine activities were ascribed to R&D. Similarly, the economic value derived from living marine resources in the US has been estimated at 38 Biotechnology is not a recognised NACE sector, activities generally referred under NACE sector 73, Research and experimental development on natural science and engineering. This NACE sector excludes pharmaceuticals but includes social sciences and humanities which makes statistical analysis rather obscure 39 Ernst & Young; Biotechnology Industry report 2013 40 EFPIA (2013): The Pharmaceutical industry in figures, http://www.efpia.eu/uploads/Figures_Key_Data_2013.pdf 41 Cosmetics Europe (2012): Activity Report, https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/about-cosmetics-europe.html 42JRC (2013): Summary of the 2013 Economic Performance Report on the EU Aquaculture Sector, http://stecf.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/43805/622206/2013-12_STECF+13-30++Aquaculture+economics+Summary+report_JRCxxx.pdf 43 Eurostat (2012): High-tech statistics, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/High-tech_statistics 44 Eurostat (2013); Science, technology and innovation in Europe, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GN13-001/EN/KS-GN-13-001-EN.PDF 45 Ibid. 46 Pugh, D. (2008) Socio-economic Indicators of Marine-related Activities in the UK economy. The Crown Estate, ISBN: 978-1906410-01-8. 20 Study in support of Impact Assessment work on Blue Biotechnology

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