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Figure 0.11 Marine organisms as source for patents sorted per sub-sector energy 8% 1% 8% 4% 0% 6% 16% 0% 9% 2% 0% 0% 26% 0% 20% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d 12% 1% 3% 6% 0% 5% 16% 1% 11% 3% 1% 3% 8% 0% 4% 8% 22% 18% 0% 1% 12% 3% 4% other industries 16% 0% genetics 16% 0% 23% 0% 3% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d food&feed 2% 4% 0% 3% 8% 7% 19% 0% 19% 19% 1% 1% 10% 3% 4% 5%1%6% 3% 0% 20% 22% 0% 1% 12% 3% 3% 6% 0% 6% 0% 0% 10% 20% 0% 6% 3% 3% 6% aquaculture 13% 0% 0% 6% cosmetics 18% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d 27% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d 2% 4% 8% 0% 4% 8% 19% 19% 1% 10% 1% 3% 4% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d Inventors per institutional type In general, companies are the main patent filers - research institutions and universities together represent less than 20% of the total number of patents. This may indicate a lack in knowledge transfer or alternative valorisation strategies of academic stakeholders. The recently published knowledge transfer report by the European Commission139 summarises the strong bottlenecks for patenting of academics: costs, knowledge on patenting strategies and early patenting, as well as lack of interest. In can be assumed that these general bottlenecks also apply to the Blue Biotechnology sector in particular. However with regards to the lack of patenting by SMEs it may be assumed that many SMEs use other IP protection strategies than going through patent filing. health 17% 0% algae annelids bacteria bryozoa cnidaria crustacea fungi echinoderms fishes molluscs nemertinea protozoa d 139 DG RTD (2013): Knowledge Transfer Study 2010 – 2012, http://www.knowledge-transfer-study.eu Study in support of Impact Assessment work on Blue Biotechnology 105

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