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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 2016 The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis. 2.9 Intangible assets In accordance with criteria set out in IAS 38 – “Intangible assets”, intangible assets are recognised only if identifiable; controlled by the entity because of past events; it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the Group and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets primarily include amortizable items such as software, mineral rights, as well as certain development costs that meet the IAS 38 criteria. Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets are amortized using the straightline method over their useful lives ranging from two to seven years. 2.9.1 Internally-generated intangible assets - research and development expenditure Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated: · the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale; · · the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it; the ability to use or sell the intangible asset; · how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits; · the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and · the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Amortization expense is recorded in “Cost of sales” and “Selling and distribution expenses” or administrative expenses, based on the function of the underlying assets. The estimated useful lives and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Exploration assets are carried at cost less any impairment losses. All costs, including overhead costs directly associated with the specific project are capitalised. The directors evaluate each project at each period end to determine if the carrying value should be written off. In determining whether expenditure meets the criteria to be capitalised, the directors use information from several sources, depending on the level of exploration. Purchased exploration and evaluation assets are recognised at the cost of acquisition or at the fair value if purchased as part of a business combination. The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internallygenerated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately. 2.9.2 Derecognition of intangible assets An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised. 156 Annual Report 2016

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