treatment. Perhaps unsurprisingly, early use has been mainly, but not exclusively, by UK-based scientists. A major aim for the immediate future is to encourage applications from outside the UK. To facilitate this, UK Biobank is further developing its communications strategy to increase awareness of the resource and its access procedures worldwide. Supporting Information S1 Consent Form. (PDF) S1 Text. UK Biobank Committees and Working Groups. (PDF) Author Contributions Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: CS JG NA GO RC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: CS JG NA VB PB JD PD PE JG ML BL PM GO JP AS AY TS TP RC. References 1. Clayton D, McKeigue PM (2001). Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet 358: 1356–1360. PMID: 11684236 2. Willett WC, Blot WJ, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Henderson BE, Stampfer MJ (2007). Merging and emerging cohorts: not worth the wait. Nature 445: 257– 258. PMID: 17230171 3. Collins FS, Manolio TA (2007). Merging and emerging cohorts: necessary but not sufficient. Nature 445: 259. PMID: 17230172 4. Doll R, Peto R (1981). The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 1191–1308. PMID: 7017215 5. Ollier W, Sprosen T, Peakman T (2005). UK Biobank: from concept to reality. Pharmacogenomics 6: 639–646. PMID: 16143003 6. UK Biobank (2006). Protocol for a large-scale prospective epidemiological resource. www.ukbiobank. ac.uk/resources/. 7. Burton PR, Hansell AL, Fortier I, Manolio TA, Khoury MJ, et al (2009). Size matters: just how big is BIG?: Quantifying realistic sample size requirements for human genome epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 38: 263–273. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn147 PMID: 18676414 8. Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI (2005). What makes a good genetic association study? Lancet 366: Page 28 of 56 www.investinme.org 1315–1323. PMID: 16214603 9. Collins R (2012). What makes UK Biobank special? Lancet 379:1173–1174. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12)60404-8 PMID: 22463865 10. Elliott P, Peakman TC (2008). The UK Biobank sample handling and storage protocol for the collection, processing and archiving of human blood and urine. Int J Epidemiol 37: 234–244. doi: 10.1093/ije/dym276 PMID: 18381398 11. Liu B, Young H, Crowe FL, Benson VS, Spencer EA, et al (2011). Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ: a low cost web-based method for assessment of previous 24 hour dietary intake in large prospective studies. Public Health Nutrition June: 1–8. 12. Clarke R, Shipley M, Lewington S, Youngman L, Collins R, et al (1999). Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol 150: 341–353. PMID: 10453810 13. University of Leicester. About the 1958 Birth Cohort Study. http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/birthcohort/ 1958bc/about. Accessed 12 October 2014 14. Sax Institute. 45 and up study. https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/our-work/45-upstudy/. Accessed 12 October 2014 PLOS Medicine | DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 March 31, 2015 9 / 10 15. Pell J, Valentine J, Inskip H (2014). One in 30 people in the UK take part in cohort studies. Lancet 383: 1015–1016. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60412-8 PMID: 24656186 16. Downey P, Peakman TC (2008). Design and implementation of a high-throughput biological sample processing facility using modern manufacturing principles. Int J Epidemiol 37 (Suppl 1): i46–i50. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn031 PMID: 18381393 17. Manolio TA (2008). Biorepositories—at the bleeding edge. Int J Epidemiol 37: 231–233. doi: 10.1093/ije/dym282 PMID: 18381397 18. Barbour V (2003). UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol? Lancet 361: 1734–1738. 19. UK Biobank (2007). Ethics and Governance Framework. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/. Accessed 12 October 2014. 20. UK Biobank (2011). Access Procedures: Application and review procedures for access to the UK Biobank Resource. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/resources/. Accessed 12 October 2014. 21. Manolio TA, Collins R (2010). Enhancing the feasibility of large cohort studies. JAMA 304: 2290– 2291. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1686 PMID: 21098774 PLOS Medicine | DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 March 31, 2015 10 / 10 Invest in ME research (Charity Nr. 1153730)
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