ISBN: - 978-93-88936-09-5 comprised with improved crop management practices and proper incentive schemes that transmit some benefits of LFT to tapper. Tapper training programmes and large scale demonstrations with model cluster systems were identified as primary needs for the effective introduction of LFT. (9) David S. Salisbury a, Marianne Schmink, (2008) in his study titled, “Cows versus rubber: Changing livelihoods among Amazonian extractivities”, the livelihood strategies of former rubber tappers in the Amazon region are rapidly shifting from extraction of non-timber forest products to mixed systems based on agriculture and small scale cattle ranching. Using a combination of participatory methods and Geographical Information Systems, a case study in western Acre, Brazil explores how rubber tapper livelihood strategies may be changing, and the implications of these changes for land use and forest cover. Field (cattle pasture and agriculture) expansion and the decline of forest extractives present challenges to many regional conservation and development projects such as sustainable settlement projects and extractive reserves seeking to develop forest-based livelihood alternatives to limit deforestation. Sustainability goals require researchers and policy makers to address the still experimental status of these forest-based organizational units, the heterogeneity and dynamism of extractives livelihoods, and the necessary importance of small-scale cattle ranching for insurance and income generation among many former and current extraction. (10) V.Verma (1993), in this book “Tapping of Rubber” to prove that the latex is obtained from the numerous latex as on the bark, which is arranged in connective rings alternating which rings of phloem. The inner part contains more verses than the outer part. The bark is cut on such a manner that the delicate growth layer of cambium is not damaged. Since the latex verses run spirally to right at an angle of 300 of the vertical pore, tapping is made from the upper left to the lower right at a 300inclination to obtain maximum yield. Tapping is begun in 6 years old trees. 2.1 (c) REVIEWS RELATING TO MARKETING OF THE NATURAL RUBBER (1) Antony Michel. K. (1993), in his study on “The Rubber Plantation Workers in Kanyakumari District-An Empirical Study”, opines that, the rubber plantation workers faced with two important problems. They are excessive increased in their in debentures and addition to creditors. These two problems have considerably retrained the growth of the material prosperity of the rubber plantation workers in Kanyakumari District. 41
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