5.3. Preparing and Supporting Teachers in Planning and Reflecting ...................................................................................................49 5.4. Designing, Selecting, and Evaluating AI Tools ........................51 5.5. Challenge: Balancing Human and Computer Decision-Making ...................................................................................................51 5.6. Challenge: Making Teaching Jobs Easier While Avoiding Surveillance ..............................................................................53 5.7. Challenge: Responding to Students’ Strengths While Protecting Their Privacy ............................................................................54 5.8. Questions Worth Asking About AI for Teaching .....................56 5.9. Key Recommendation: Inspectable, Explainable, Over ridable AI ..............................................................................................57 6. Formative Assessment ........................................................................61 6.1. Building on Best Practices ........................................................61 6.2. Implications for Teaching and Learning ..................................63 6.3. Insight: AI Can Enhance Feedback Loops ...............................64 6.4. An Example: Automated Essay Scoring ...................................66 6.5. Key Opportunities for AI in Formative Assessment ................67 6.6. Key Recommendation: Harness Assessment Expertise to Reduce Bias ...........................................................................................69 6.7. Related Questions .....................................................................70 7. Research and Development ................................................................71 7.1. Insight: Research Can Strengthen the Role of Context in AI ...72 7.2. Attention to the Long Tail of Learner Variability ................... 75 7.3. Partnership in Design-Based Research .....................................78 7.4. Re-thinking Teacher Professional Development ......................79 7.5. Connecting with Public Policy .................................................81 7.6. Key Recommendation: Focus R&D on Addressing Context ...82 7.7. Ongoing Questions for Researchers .........................................83 7.8. Desired National R&D Objectives ...........................................84 8. Recommendations ..............................................................................86 8.1. Insight: Aligning AI to Policy Objectives ................................86 8.2. Calling Education Leaders to Action ........................................88
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