Chapter 8: Recommendations they are used in classrooms and when needs for improvement are observed. In one example, to design AI-generated homework support for students, teachers’ in-depth understanding of the cognitive, motivational, and social supports their students need will provide much-needed guidance as a homework-support chatbot is designed. In framing AI in education, this report advances a key recommendation of “human in the loop” AI because the phrase readily communicates a criterion that everyone can use as they determine which AI-enabled systems and tools are appropriate for use in teaching and learning. In a rather technical field, human in the loop is an approachable and humanistic criterion. Rather than suggesting that AI-enabled systems and tools should replace teachers, this term instead solidifies the central role of educators as instructors and instructional decision makers, while reinforcing the responsibility of teachers to exercise judgement and control over the use of AI in education. It resonates with the important idea of feedback loops, which are highly important to how people teach and learn. It also aligns with the ideas of inspectable, explainable, severable, and over ridable AI. The Department agrees with listening session participants who argued that teachers should not be the only humans in the loop and calls upon parents, families, students, policy makers, and system leaders to likewise examine the “loops” for which they are responsible, critically analyze the increasing role of AI in those loops, and determine what they need to do to retain support for the primacy of human judgement in educational systems. 90 | P a g e
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