I have found that one of the most challenging of the issues in helping to prepare communities for the effects of hurricanes is that there is a tendency to focus on the characteristics and features of the storms themselves and not on the effects. In that regard I have developed the concept of the Seven Ds (7Ds) of Disaster and applied it to hurricanes, a major hazard, but it is also applicable to others that can create disasters. The graphic below displays the concept. DEATH The graphic starts with DEATH. Hurricanes have been responsible for deaths. It must be stated that most of the deaths caused by hurricanes happen because of in-land flooding and storm surge at the coastline. It appears that our member states are becoming increasingly proficient at saving lives during hurricanes. DAMAGE Hurricanes cause extensive damage. The damage occurs across all sectors in the natural and built environments. All economic sectors, the public, social and community sectors can suffer damage. The damage can result from a combination of strong winds, heavy rains and floods. Secondary damage may occur from exposure to the elements after the initial hurricane impact. The list of areas where damage occurs is as broad as human everyday living experience. Coastlines, beaches and reefs Forests and vegetation Houses Commercial buildings Schools Office complexes Airports and ports Roads Bridges Boats - commercial Vehicles Personal effects DESTRUCTION It is important to recall that anything that can be damaged by a hurricane can also be destroyed by a hurricane; if the forces are strong enough. One of the greatest challenges in Recovery management after a hurricane is the challenge of replacing what has been totally lost or otherwise destroyed. This is particularly important in relation to critical facilities such as hospitals and airports. It is also pivotal in social recovery if many houses, tertiary institutions and schools are destroyed in a hurricane event. It is important to appreciate that the mere existence of a hazard does not automatically or immediately result in a disaster. There tends to be a progression from the appearance of a hazard to the negative effects that may culminate in an emergency a crisis or a disaster. Overall vulnerability is a function of the relationship between hazards and level of risk. Continues on next page 11
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