31

13 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/28/63 (Michel Forst, Dec. 29, 2014). 14 See, e.g., UNITED NATIONS, HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS: PROTECTING THE RIGHT TO DEFEND HUMAN RIGHTS, FACT SHEET NO. 29, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet29en.pdf. 15 See, e.g., Forst article, supra note 1; ISHR Role of Business and States, supra note 1; AT YOUR OWN RISK, supra note 1; HOW MANY MORE?, supra note 1; International Service for Human Rights, ‘Troublemakers’ and ‘foreign agents’: The situation of corporate human rights defenders in Central Africa (July 2015), http://www.ishr.ch/sites/default/files/article/files/submission_to_the_african_commission_v2.pdf; WE ARE NOT AFRAID, supra note 1. 16 ISHR Role of Business and States, supra note 1. 17 Communications report of Special Procedures, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/31/79 (Feb. 19, 2016)[hereinafter Communications Report 2016], Case PER 3/2015. 18 Id., at Case THA 8/2015. 19 Communications Report of Special Procedures, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/30/27 (Sept. 4, 2015), Case THA 2/2015. 20 Communications Report 2016, supra note 17 at Case IDN 3/2015. 21 U.N. Secretary-­‐General, Situation of Human Rights Defenders, U.N. Doc. A/70/217 (Jul. 30, 2015). 22 For a good summary of positive and negative actions by business for human rights and human rights defenders, see Mauricio Lazala & Joe Bardwell, “What human rights?” Why some companies speak out while other don’t, OPEN DEMOCRACY (Jun. 17, 2015), https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/mauricio-­lazala-­‐joe-­‐bardwell/%E2%80%9Cwhat-­‐human-­‐rights%E2%80%9D-­‐why-­‐some-­‐companies-­‐speak-­‐out-­‐while. 23 UNGPs, supra note 5. 24 Special Rapporteur HRD Dec. 2013, supra note 7, at ¶ 103. 25 U.N. Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, supra note 6, footnote 1. 26 U.N. SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS, COMMENTARY TO THE DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND ORGANS OF SOCIETY TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Defenders/CommentarytoDeclarationondefendersJuly2011.pdf. 27 Special Rapporteur HRD Dec. 2013, supra note 7. 28 Examples include: the alleged fining under Russia’s ‘foreign agents’ law of ecological rights group Planet of Hopes, after the organisation carried out human rights activities and exercised freedom of expression, including in relation to business projects, in Russia; the alleged arbitrary arrest of three environmental rights defenders from Cambodian NGO, Mother Nature, who protested against alleged illegal sand dredging activities; and the sentencing of Angolan journalist Rafael Marques de Morais in relation to his book on blood diamonds and torture in Angola. Communications Report 2016, supra note 17, at Case RUS 4/2015, Case KHM 5/2015, and Case AGO 1/2015. 29 UNGPs, supra note 5, at Pillar II. 30 Id. 31 FRONT LINE DEFENDERS, CASE HISTORY: NASAKO BESINGI, https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-­‐history-­nasako-­‐besingi (last visited May 12, 2016). 32 Id. 33 Tim Weiner, Unrest in Indonesia: The Opposition; U.S. Has Spent $26 million since ’95 on Suharto Opponents, N.Y. TIMES (May 20, 1998), http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/20/world/unrest-­‐indonesia-­‐opposition-­‐us-­‐has-­spent-­‐26-­‐million-­‐since-­‐95-­‐suharto-­‐opponents.html. 34 Umberto Bacchi, H&M, Gap, Adidas and Puma Condemn Cambodian Police Killing of Striking Garment Workers, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIMES (Jan. 7, 2014), http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hm-­‐gap-­‐adidas-­‐puma-­‐condemn-­cambodian-­‐police-­‐killing-­‐striking-­‐garment-­‐workers-­‐1431402. 35 Open statement calling for charges to be dropped against journalist Rafael Marques de Morias in Angola, INT’L SERVICE FOR HUM. RTS.(22 April 2015), http://www.ishr.ch/sites/default/files/article/files/open_statement_by_jewellers_re_rafael_marques_-­_22_apr_2015.pdf (last visited May 5, 2016). 36 UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, supra note 6 at art. 10. 27